Validity and Reliability of Cultural Mix Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations among Healthcare Professionals in Ghana Amidst COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection Instrument
2.2.1. Cultural Mix Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations
2.2.2. Anxiety
2.3. Procedure and Ethics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Analyses
3.3. Confirming the Factorial Structure of the Coping Inventory
3.4. Construct Validity (Convergent and Divergent) and Reliability Based on the Internal Structure of the Scale
Model 1 (Four-Factor, 16-Items) vs. Model 2 (Four-Factor, 15-Items)
3.5. Multi-Group Analysis Based on Sex
3.6. Validity Evidence Based on the External Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Future Directions
4.2. Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Levels | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 114 | 36.5 |
Female | 198 | 63.5 | |
Religion | Christian | 286 | 91.7 |
Muslim | 24 | 7.7 | |
Atheist | 2 | 0.6 | |
Age range | 20–24 years | 10 | 3.2 |
25–29 years | 64 | 20.5 | |
30–34 years | 108 | 34.6 | |
35–39 years | 40 | 12.8 | |
40 years+ | 90 | 28.8 | |
Education qualification | Certificate | 26 | 8.3 |
Diploma | 90 | 28.8 | |
Bachelor’s | 98 | 31.4 | |
Master’s | 82 | 26.3 | |
PhD | 16 | 5.1 | |
Job designation | General nurse | 216 | 69.2 |
Psychologist | 22 | 7.1 | |
Physician Assistant | 16 | 5.1 | |
Surgical Doctors | 30 | 9.6 | |
Midwife | 28 | 9.0 | |
Years of working | <1 year | 32 | 10.3 |
1–2 years | 52 | 16.7 | |
3–4 years | 36 | 11.5 | |
5 years+ | 192 | 61.5 |
Label | Items | Mean | Var. | Skew. | Kurt. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACP1 | I concentrate my effort on doing something about it | 2.026 | 0.657 | −0.444 | −0.444 |
ACP2 | I take additional action to try to get rid of the problem | 2.038 | 0.644 | −0.479 | −0.340 |
ACP3 | I take direct action to get around the stressor | 1.866 | 0.762 | −0.344 | −0.613 |
ACP4 | I do what has to be done, one step at a time | 2.212 | 0.569 | −0.505 | −0.655 |
REL1 | I put my trust in God/object of worship | 2.211 | 0.850 | −1.093 | 0.361 |
REL2 | I seek help from my object of worship | 1.821 | 1.240 | −0.492 | −1.115 |
REL3 | I try to find comfort in my object of worship | 1.930 | 1.043 | −0.563 | −0.838 |
REL4 | I pray more than usual for my God to guard me | 1.700 | 1.086 | −0.344 | −1.042 |
BEH1 | I admit to myself that I can’t deal with the stressor and quit trying | 0.633 | 0.910 | 1.235 | 0.184 |
BEH2 | I just give up trying to reach my goal because of the stressor | 0.550 | 0.835 | 1.515 | 1.061 |
BEH3 | I give up the attempt in dealing with the stressor | 0.479 | 0.633 | 1.519 | 1.247 |
BEH4 | I reduce the amount of effort I’m putting into solving the problem | 0.550 | 0.759 | 1.477 | 1.119 |
ESS1 | I discuss how I feel about the stressor with someone | 1.802 | 0.791 | −0.393 | −0.540 |
ESS2 | I try to get emotional support from friends or relatives when dealing with the stressor | 1.604 | 0.910 | −0.133 | −0.907 |
ESS3 | I get sympathy and understanding from someone to reduce my fears about the stressor | 1.553 | 0.969 | −0.158 | −0.989 |
ESS4 | I learn to live with the stressor | 1.891 | 1.011 | −0.595 | −0.704 |
Indicators | One-Factor | Three-Factor | Four-Factor | Second-Order CFA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-square | 1676 * | 992 * | 148.388 * | 2427.883 * |
Degree of freedom | 104 | 101 | 98 | 120 |
CMIN/Df (Minimum Discrepancy Function/Degrees of Freedom) | 16.115 | 9.822 | 1.514 | 20.232 |
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | 0.321 | 0.615 | 0.954 | 0.426 |
Standard Root Mean Square of Residual (SRMR) | 0.182 | 0.152 | 0.061 | 0.238 |
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) | 0.220 | 0.168 | 0.048 | 0.249 |
Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) | 12,566 | 11,888 | 373.734 | 2459.883 |
Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) | 12,746 | 12,079 | 515.968 | 2519.771 |
Dimensions | Label | Loading | p-Value * | AVE | Omega ω | Inter- Dimensions | HTMT Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Coping (ACP) | ACP1 | 0.819 | <0.001 | 0.742 | 0.830 | ACP~RCP | 0.952 |
ACP2 | 0.769 | <0.001 | ACP~BEH | 0.901 | |||
ACP3 | 0.660 | <0.001 | ACP~ESS | 0.937 | |||
ACP4 | 0.721 | <0.001 | RCP~BEH | 0.911 | |||
Religious Coping (RCP) | REL1 | 0.759 | <0.001 | 0.762 | 0.846 | RCP~ESS | 0.963 |
REL2 | 0.751 | <0.001 | BEH~ESS | 0.906 | |||
REL3 | 0.868 | <0.001 | |||||
REL4 | 0.668 | <0.001 | |||||
Behaviour Disengagement (BEH) | BEH1 | 0.667 | <0.001 | 0.800 | 0.873 | ||
BEH2 | 0.863 | <0.001 | |||||
BEH3 | 0.863 | <0.001 | |||||
BEH4 | 0.806 | <0.001 | |||||
Emotional Support (ESS) | ESS1 | 0.580 | <0.001 | 0.666 | 0.770 | ||
ESS2 | 0.878 | <0.001 | |||||
ESS3 | 0.832 | <0.001 | |||||
ESS4 | 0.373 | <0.001 |
Index | Model 1 (Four-Factor, 16 Items) | Model 2 (Four-Factor, 15 Items) |
---|---|---|
CMIN (Minimum Discrepancy Function) | 148.388 * | 237.888 * |
DF (Degrees of Freedom) | 98 | 84 |
CMIN/DF | 1.514 | 2.832 |
CFI | 0.954 | 0.931 |
SRMR | 0.061 | 0.060 |
RMSEA | 0.048 | 0.077 |
AIC | 224.388 | 309.888 |
BIC | 340.283 | 444.636 |
Model Level Invariance | Multi-Group Analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fit Indices | Male | Female | Model | χ2 | df | χ2/df | p |
Chi-square, χ2 (df) | 269.210 * (91) | 240.479 * (91) | Measurement weights | 30.331 | 24 | 1.263 | 0.174 |
CMIN | 2.958 | 2.643 | Structural covariances | 74.279 | 44 | 1.688 | 0.063 |
GFI | 0.943 | 0.951 | Measurement residuals | 192.955 | 76 | 2.539 | 0.000 |
SRMR | 0.061 | 0.061 | |||||
RMSEA | 0.063 | 0.064 | |||||
CFI | 0.949 | 0.948 |
Dimensions | ACP | RCP | BEH | ESS | AXT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active coping (ACP) | 1 | ||||
Religious coping (RCP) | −0.289 ** | 1 | |||
Behaviour disengagement (BEH) | −0.660 ** | 0.316 ** | 1 | ||
Emotional support (ESS) | 0.371 ** | 0.302 ** | −0.218 ** | 1 | |
Anxiety (AXT) | −0.807 ** | −0.554 ** | 0.647 ** | −0.607 ** | 1 |
Mean values | 2.042 | 1.921 | 0.554 | 1.718 | 2.327 |
Standard deviation | 0.655 | 0.844 | 0.754 | 0.484 | 0.690 |
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Ankomah, F.; Quansah, F.; Agormedah, E.K.; Hagan, J.E., Jr.; Srem-Sai, M.; Sambah, F.; Seidu, A.-A.; Ameyaw, E.K.; Ahinkorah, B.O.; Darteh, E.K.M.; et al. Validity and Reliability of Cultural Mix Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations among Healthcare Professionals in Ghana Amidst COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710651
Ankomah F, Quansah F, Agormedah EK, Hagan JE Jr., Srem-Sai M, Sambah F, Seidu A-A, Ameyaw EK, Ahinkorah BO, Darteh EKM, et al. Validity and Reliability of Cultural Mix Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations among Healthcare Professionals in Ghana Amidst COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710651
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnkomah, Francis, Frank Quansah, Edmond Kwesi Agormedah, John Elvis Hagan, Jr., Medina Srem-Sai, Francis Sambah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Eugene Kofuor Maafo Darteh, and et al. 2022. "Validity and Reliability of Cultural Mix Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations among Healthcare Professionals in Ghana Amidst COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710651