Association between Child Abuse and Poor Oral Habits in Mongolian Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Dependent Variable: Oral Habits
2.3. Independent Variable: Child Abuse
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ALL | Biting Habits(+) | Biting Habits(−) | Bruxism(+) | Bruxism(−) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | (n = 770) | (n = 300: 39.0%) | (n = 470: 61.0%) | p-Value | (n = 135: 17.5%) | (n = 635: 82.5%) | p-Value |
N or Mean (%,SD) | N or Mean (%,SD) | N or Mean (%,SD) | N or Mean (%,SD) | N or Mean (%,SD) | |||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 333 (43.3) | 152 (50.7) | 181 (38.5) | 0.001 | 63 (46.7) | 270 (42.5) | 0.38 |
Female | 437 (56.7) | 148 (49.5) | 289 (61.5) | 72 (53.3) | 365 (57.5) | ||
Age | 11.8 (1.9) | 11.7 (1.9) | 11.8 (1.9) | 0.65 | 11.8 (2.0) | 11.8 (1.9) | 0.59 |
Maternal age | 37.6 (5.4) | 37.6 (5.8) | 37.7 (5.2) | 0.70 | 37.8 (5.2) | 37.6 (5.5) | 0.73 |
Family income level | |||||||
Low | 41 (5.3) | 13 (4.3) | 28 (6.0) | 6 (4.4) | 35 (5.5) | ||
Intermediate | 688 (89.4) | 272 (90.7) | 416 (88.5) | 0.37 | 121 (89.6) | 567 (89.3) | 0.86 |
High | 27 (3.5) | 12 (4.0) | 15 (3.2) | 6 (4.4) | 21 (3.3) | ||
Missing | 14 (1.8) | 3 (1.0) | 11 (2.3) | 2 (1.5) | 12 (1.9) | ||
Maternal Education | |||||||
Junior high school | 138 (17.9) | 56(18.7) | 82 (17.5) | 23 (17.0) | 115 (18.1) | ||
High school | 308 (40.0) | 112 (37.3) | 196 (41.7) | 0.43 | 47 (34.8) | 261 (41.1) | 0.16 |
College or more | 315 (40.9) | 130 (43.3) | 185 (39.4) | 65 (48.2) | 250 (39.4) | ||
Missing | 9 (1.2) | 2 (0.7) | 7 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.4) | ||
Paternal Education | |||||||
Junior high school | 147 (19.1) | 60 (20.0) | 87 (18.5) | 22 (16.3) | 125 (19.7) | ||
High school | 319 (41.4) | 112 (37.3) | 207 (44.0) | 0.04 | 51 (37.8) | 268 (42.2) | 0.36 |
College or more | 228 (29.6) | 104 (34.7) | 124 (26.4) | 48 (35.6) | 180 (28.4) | ||
Missing | 76 (9.9) | 24 (8.0) | 52 (11.1) | 14 (10.4) | 62 (9.8) | ||
Living with grandparents | |||||||
Yes | 174 (22.6) | 78 (26.0) | 96 (20.4) | 41 (30.4) | 133 (20.9) | ||
No | 579 (75.2) | 214 (71.3) | 365 (77.7) | 0.14 | 89 (65.9) | 490 (77.2) | 0.02 |
Missing | 17 (2.2) | 8 (2.7) | 9 (1.9) | 5 (3.7) | 12 (1.9) | ||
Number of family | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 0.86 | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.2) | 0.66 |
Birth order | |||||||
First | 402 (52.2) | 169 (56.3) | 233 (49.6) | 83 (61.5) | 319 (50.2) | ||
Second or later | 352 (45.7) | 127 (42.3) | 225 (47.9) | 0.13 | 49 (36.3) | 303 (47.7) | 0.05 |
Missing | 16 (2.1) | 4 (1.3) | 12 (2.6) | 3 (2.2) | 13 (2.1) | ||
Physical abuse | |||||||
Yes | 173 (22.5) | 85 (28.3) | 88 (18.7) | 0.002 | 30 (22.2) | 143 (22.5) | 0.94 |
No | 597 (77.5) | 215 (71.7) | 382 (81.3) | 105 (77.8) | 492 (77.5) | ||
Psychological abuse | |||||||
Yes | 590 (76.6) | 248 (82.7) | 342 (72.8) | 0.002 | 107 (79.3) | 483 (76.1) | 0.43 |
No | 180 (23.4) | 52 (17.3) | 128 (27.2) | 28 (20.7) | 152 (23.9) |
Biting Habits | Bruxism | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
Physical abuse | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) * | 1.31 (1.01–1.71) * | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 1.00 (0.66–1.54) |
Psychological abuse | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 1.17 (0.77–1.77) | 1.04 (0.68–1.61) |
Age | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) |
Maternal age | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.88 (0.62–1.23) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) |
Maternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
High school | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.84 (0.48–1.47) |
College or more | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | 1.24 (0.77–1.99) | 1.01 (0.54–1.89) |
Paternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
High school | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 1.15 (0.66–2.02) |
College or more | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 1.17 (0.78–1.77) | 1.39 (0.84–2.30) | 1.29 (0.68–2.44) |
Missing | 0.77 (0.48–1.25) | 0.76 (0.46–1.28) | 1.26 (0.65–2.47) | 1.17 (0.57–2.42) |
Family income level | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Intermediate | 1.26 (0.71–2.24) | 1.18 (0.64–2.19) | 1.12 (0.49–2.54) | 1.08 (0.45–2.60) |
High | 1.41 (0.63–3.13) | 1.35 (0.58–3.15) | 1.41 (0.45–4.36) | 1.34 (0.40–4.47) |
Missing | 0.53 (0.12–2.36) | 0.50 (0.11–2.28) | 1.06 (0.21–5.23) | 1.23 (0.24–6.25) |
Living with grandparents | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 1.53 (1.06–2.22) | 1.49 (1.02–2.19) |
Missing | 1.27 (0.63–2.57) | 1.19 (0.58–2.44) | 1.89 (0.77–4.65) | 2.07 (0.82–5.22) |
Birth order | ||||
First | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Second or later | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.92 (0.70–1.22) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.63 (0.42–0.97) |
Missing | 0.51 (0.16–1.59) | 0.53 (0.17–1.68) | 1.03 (0.32–3.25) | 1.02 (0.32–3.32) |
Biting Habits | Bruxism | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
Psychological abuse | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) * | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 1.16 (0.77–1.77) | 1.04 (0.68–1.61) |
Physical abuse | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | 1.31 (1.01–1.71) | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 1.00 (0.66–1.54) |
Age | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.02 (0.92–1.112) |
Maternal age | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.88 (0.62–1.23) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) |
Maternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
High school | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.84 (0.48–1.47) |
College or more | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | 1.24 (0.77–1.99) | 1.01 (0.54–1.89) |
Paternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
High school | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 1.15 (0.66–2.02) |
College or more | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 1.17 (0.78–1.77) | 1.39 (0.84–2.30) | 1.29 (0.685–2.44) |
Missing | 0.77 (0.48–1.25) | 0.76 (0.46–1.28) | 1.26 (0.65–2.47) | 1.17 (0.57–2.42) |
Family income level | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Intermediate | 1.26 (0.71–2.24) | 1.18 (0.64–2.19) | 1.12 (0.49–2.54) | 1.08 (0.459–2.60) |
High | 1.41 (0.63–3.13) | 1.35 (0.58–3.15) | 1.41 (0.45–4.36) | 1.34 (0.40–4.47) |
Missing | 0.53 (0.12–2.36) | 0.50 (0.11–2.28) | 1.06 (0.21–5.23) | 1.23 (0.24–6.25) |
Living with grandparents | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 1.53 (1.06–2.22) | 1.49 (1.02–2.19) |
Missing | 1.27 (0.63–2.57) | 1.19 (0.58–2.44) | 1.89 (0.77–4.65) | 2.07 (0.82–5.22) |
Birth order | ||||
First | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Second or later | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.92 (0.70–1.22) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.63 (042–0.97) |
Missing | 0.51 (0.16–1.59) | 0.53 (0.17–1.68) | 1.03 (0.32–3.25) | 1.02 (0.32–3.32) |
Biting Habits | Bruxism | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
No. of child abuse history | ||||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1 | 1.20 (0.88–1.66) | 1.16 (0.84–1.61) | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
2 | 1.75 (1.23–2.49) * | 1.70 (1.19–2.44) * | 1.13 (0.66–1.92) | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) |
Age | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | ||
Maternal age | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.91 (0.64–1.27) | ||
Maternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | ||
High school | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) | ||
College or more | 0.94 (0.62–1.41) | 1.02 (0.55–1.91) | ||
Paternal Education | ||||
Junior high school | Ref | Ref | ||
High school | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 1.16 (0.66–2.03) | ||
College or more | 1.19 (0.79–1.79) | 1.29 (0.68–2.45) | ||
Missing | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) | 1.18 (0.57–2.43) | ||
Family income level | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Intermediate | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | 1.09 (0.45–2.62) | ||
High | 1.39 (0.59–3.23) | 1.36 (0.41–4.54) | ||
Missing | 0.52 (0.17–1.69) | 1.25 (0.25–6.36) | ||
Living with grandparents | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 1.49 (1.02–2.20) | ||
Missing | 1.24 (0.60–2.53) | 2.11 (0.84–5.33) | ||
Birth order | ||||
First | Ref | Ref | ||
Second or later | 0.93 (0.70–1.22) | 0.63 (0.42–0.97) | ||
Missing | 0.53 (0.17–1.69) | 1.03 (0.32–3.32) |
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Okawara, A.; Matsuyama, Y.; Yoshizawa Araki, M.; Unnai Yasuda, Y.; Ogawa, T.; Tumurkhuu, T.; Ganburged, G.; Bazar, A.; Fujiwara, T.; Moriyama, K. Association between Child Abuse and Poor Oral Habits in Mongolian Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710667
Okawara A, Matsuyama Y, Yoshizawa Araki M, Unnai Yasuda Y, Ogawa T, Tumurkhuu T, Ganburged G, Bazar A, Fujiwara T, Moriyama K. Association between Child Abuse and Poor Oral Habits in Mongolian Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710667
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkawara, Aina, Yusuke Matsuyama, Miyu Yoshizawa Araki, Yuko Unnai Yasuda, Takuya Ogawa, Tsasan Tumurkhuu, Ganjargal Ganburged, Amarsaikhan Bazar, Takeo Fujiwara, and Keiji Moriyama. 2022. "Association between Child Abuse and Poor Oral Habits in Mongolian Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710667