High Education and University Teaching and Learning Processes: Soft Skills
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skill | Definition |
---|---|
Assertiveness | Ability to stand up for one’s own or others’ rights in a calm and positive manner, without being aggressive or passively accepting “the bad” [28]. |
Capacity for networking | It consists of a variety of skills related to communication, openness and the ability to create a mutual experience of trust in other people |
Teamwork | Qualities and skills that enable one to work well with others during conversations, projects, meetings, etc.; it depends on the ability to communicate well, listen actively, and be responsible and honest [29]. |
Sensitivity | Ability to notice things and care about people’s feelings; taking time to assimilate and process, rather than rushing to a decision [30]. |
Action oriented | A bipolar dimension: action orientation favors the transformation of intention into action. In contrast, state orientation is characterized by having thoughts in the mind related to the achievement of a goal [31]. |
Ability to work under pressure | Self-image in the ability to perform their duties despite the circumstances, maintaining a constant level of efficiency. [32]. |
Social desirability | Used as a control factor in the study: type of response bias which is the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a way that will be viewed positively by others [33]. |
Age Range | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | |||
Nationality | Ita | % within the age range | 3.88% | 25.2% | 33.0% | 34.9% | 6.79% |
Pt | % within the age range | 11.6% | 17.4% | 33.9% | 33.0% | 3.88% |
PT | ITA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | St. Dev | N | Mean | St. Dev | t-Test | p-Value | ||
AS | 20–29 | 12 | 5.5 | 0.57 | 4 | 6 | 1.15 | −0.42 | 0.34 |
30–39 | 18 | 5 | 0.2 | 26 | 6.38 | 0.28 | −3.52 | <0.001 | |
40–49 | 35 | 4.54 | 0.16 | 34 | 5.65 | 0.26 | −3.67 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 4.41 | 0.25 | 36 | 5.78 | 0.29 | −3.57 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 5.5 | 0.29 | 4 | 7.5 | 0.29 | −4.9 | 0.001 | |
CN | 20–29 | 12 | 3.67 | 0.28 | 4 | 7.5 | 0.87 | −5.6 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 18 | 3.44 | 0.12 | 26 | 5.62 | 0.36 | −4.93 | <0.001 | |
40–49 | 35 | 3 | 0.26 | 34 | 5.47 | 0.34 | −5.79 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 4.65 | 0.34 | 36 | 6.39 | 0.29 | −3.92 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 3 | 0.58 | 4 | 8.5 | 0.29 | −8.52 | <0.001 | |
TW | 20–29 | 12 | 5 | 0.43 | 4 | 7.5 | 0.29 | −3.24 | 0.003 |
30–39 | 18 | 4.61 | 0.23 | 26 | 5.38 | 0.38 | −1.53 | 0.067 | |
40–49 | 35 | 3.85 | 0.23 | 34 | 5.94 | 0.34 | −5.08 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 4.21 | 0.17 | 36 | 6.67 | 0.27 | −7.51 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 4.5 | 0.29 | 4 | 8.5 | 0.29 | −9.8 | <0.001 | |
SN | 20–29 | 12 | 3.17 | 0.56 | 4 | 8 | 0 | −4.82 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 18 | 2.61 | 0.35 | 26 | 5.31 | 0.49 | −4.07 | <0.001 | |
40–49 | 35 | 2.29 | 0.17 | 34 | 5.71 | 0.31 | −9.75 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 2.32 | 0.24 | 36 | 6.17 | 0.27 | −10.73 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 2 | 0.58 | 4 | 8.5 | 0.29 | −10.07 | <0.001 | |
SO | 20–29 | 12 | 3.83 | 0.11 | 4 | 4.85 | 0.29 | −2.65 | 0.01 |
30–39 | 18 | 3.78 | 0.33 | 26 | 3.31 | 0.24 | 1.18 | 0.12 | |
40–49 | 35 | 4.57 | 0.24 | 34 | 3.17 | 0.14 | 4.96 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 5.26 | 0.16 | 36 | 3.72 | 0.15 | 7.12 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 4 | 0.58 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | |
AO | 20–29 | 12 | 3.17 | 0.41 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0.23 | 0.41 |
30–39 | 18 | 2.56 | 0.31 | 26 | 2.15 | 0.13 | 1.31 | 0.09 | |
40–49 | 35 | 2.94 | 0.16 | 34 | 2.29 | 0.11 | 3.29 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 2.29 | 0.17 | 36 | 2.39 | 0.1 | −0.49 | 0.31 | |
60–69 | 4 | 2.5 | 0.29 | 4 | 1.5 | 0.29 | 2.45 | 0.025 | |
AUP | 20–29 | 12 | 3.33 | 0.41 | 4 | 7.5 | 0.29 | −5.55 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 18 | 3.61 | 0.16 | 26 | 5.61 | 0.42 | −3.25 | 0.001 | |
40–49 | 35 | 2.97 | 0.15 | 34 | 6.12 | 0.33 | −8.84 | <0.001 | |
50–59 | 34 | 3.09 | 0.19 | 36 | 5.95 | 0.21 | −10.12 | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 4 | 2.5 | 0.87 | 4 | 7 | 1.15 | −3.12 | 0.01 | |
SD | 20–29 | 12 | 3.5 | 0.38 | 4 | 2.5 | 0.87 | 1.22 | 0.12 |
30–39 | 18 | 2.33 | 0.28 | 26 | 2.92 | 0.2 | −1.76 | 0.042 | |
40–49 | 35 | 2.49 | 0.26 | 34 | 2.94 | 0.21 | −1.36 | 0.09 | |
50–59 | 34 | 2.29 | 0.2 | 36 | 2.78 | 0.18 | −1.78 | 0.039 | |
60–69 | 4 | 2.5 | 0.87 | 4 | 3.5 | 0.29 | −1.09 | 0.16 |
PT | ITA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | St. Dev | N | Mean | St. Dev | t-Test | p-Value | ||
AS | Public | 37 | 4.81 | 0.13 | 16 | 5.37 | 0.26 | −2.14 | 0.018 |
Private | 69 | 4.65 | 0.18 | 90 | 6.04 | 0.17 | −5.52 | <0.001 | |
CN | Public | 37 | 3.68 | 0.24 | 16 | 6 | 0.39 | −5.24 | <0.001 |
Private | 69 | 3.68 | 0.21 | 90 | 6.04 | 0.21 | −7.88 | <0.001 | |
TW | Public | 37 | 4.19 | 0.16 | 16 | 6.62 | 0.36 | −7.08 | <0.001 |
Private | 69 | 4.2 | 0.17 | 90 | 6.15 | 0.21 | −6.98 | <0.001 | |
SN | Public | 37 | 2.27 | 0.2 | 16 | 5.25 | 0.59 | −6.05 | <0.001 |
Private | 69 | 2.52 | 0.17 | 90 | 6.13 | 0.2 | −13.16 | <0.001 | |
SO | Public | 37 | 4.59 | 0.21 | 16 | 3.37 | 0.22 | 3.46 | <0.001 |
Private | 69 | 4.51 | 0.16 | 90 | 3.51 | 0.1 | 5.49 | <0.001 | |
AO | Public | 37 | 2.24 | 0.15 | 16 | 2.5 | 0.13 | −1.07 | 0.145 |
Private | 69 | 2.87 | 0.14 | 90 | 2.22 | 0.07 | 4.42 | <0.001 | |
AUP | Public | 37 | 3.08 | 0.17 | 16 | 6 | 0.46 | −7.31 | <0.001 |
Private | 69 | 3.22 | 0.13 | 90 | 5.87 | 0.19 | −10.75 | <0.001 | |
SD | Public | 37 | 2.24 | 0.23 | 16 | 2.75 | 0.33 | −1.21 | 0.11 |
Private | 69 | 2.64 | 0.16 | 90 | 2.91 | 0.11 | −1.45 | 0.074 |
PT | ITA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | St. Dev | N | Mean | St. Dev | t-Test | p-Value | ||
AS | Male | 38 | 4.32 | 0.21 | 76 | 4.72 | 0.2 | −4.78 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 4.93 | 0.15 | 30 | 6.27 | 0.22 | −5.02 | <0.001 | |
CN | Male | 38 | 3.74 | 0.27 | 76 | 6.03 | 0.23 | −6.18 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 3.65 | 0.2 | 30 | 6.07 | 0.32 | −6.54 | <0.001 | |
TW | Male | 38 | 4.32 | 0.25 | 76 | 6.34 | 0.24 | −5.36 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 4.13 | 0.13 | 30 | 5.93 | 0.26 | −6.81 | <0.001 | |
SN | Male | 38 | 2.58 | 0.28 | 76 | 5.87 | 0.25 | −8.13 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 2.35 | 0.13 | 30 | 6.33 | 0.26 | −14.92 | <0.001 | |
SO | Male | 38 | 4.92 | 0.22 | 76 | 3.58 | 0.11 | 6.01 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 4.32 | 0.15 | 30 | 3.27 | 0.16 | 4.3 | <0.001 | |
AO | Male | 38 | 2.29 | 0.21 | 76 | 2.21 | 0.08 | 3.83 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 2.5 | 0.12 | 30 | 2.4 | 0.11 | 0.52 | 0.3 | |
AUP | Male | 38 | 3.37 | 0.17 | 76 | 5.74 | 0.21 | −7.22 | <0.001 |
Female | 68 | 3.06 | 0.13 | 30 | 6.27 | 0.29 | −11.72 | <0.001 | |
SD | Male | 38 | 2.92 | 0.2 | 76 | 2.89 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.455 |
Female | 68 | 2.26 | 0.17 | 30 | 2.87 | 0.19 | −2.15 | 0.02 |
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Ragusa, A.; Caggiano, V.; Trigueros Ramos, R.; González-Bernal, J.J.; Gentil-Gutiérrez, A.; Bastos, S.A.M.C.; González-Santos, J.; Santamaría-Peláez, M. High Education and University Teaching and Learning Processes: Soft Skills. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710699
Ragusa A, Caggiano V, Trigueros Ramos R, González-Bernal JJ, Gentil-Gutiérrez A, Bastos SAMC, González-Santos J, Santamaría-Peláez M. High Education and University Teaching and Learning Processes: Soft Skills. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710699
Chicago/Turabian StyleRagusa, Antonio, Valeria Caggiano, Rubén Trigueros Ramos, Jerónimo J. González-Bernal, Ana Gentil-Gutiérrez, Susana Adelina Moreira Carvalho Bastos, Josefa González-Santos, and Mirian Santamaría-Peláez. 2022. "High Education and University Teaching and Learning Processes: Soft Skills" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710699