Prevalence of Static Balance Impairment and Associated Factors of University Student Smartphone Users with Subclinical Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Screening and Experimental Process
2.4. Outcome Measurements
2.4.1. Static Balance
2.4.2. Cervical Joint Position Sense
2.4.3. Craniocervical Flexors Function Test
2.4.4. Visual Analogue Scale
2.4.5. Neck Disability Inventory Score
- 0–4 points: no disability;
- 5–14 points: mild disability;
- 15–24 points: moderate disability;
- 25–34 points: severe disability;
- 35–50 points: complete disability.
2.4.6. Dizziness Handicap Inventory
2.4.7. Beck Depression Inventory
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Impairment: Balance, CJPS and Muscle Function
3.3. Regression Analysis: Prevalence, AOR, and 95% CI of Balance Impairment with Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Total Participants, n (%) | Mean (SD) | Min-Max | Participants without BESS Impairment, n (%) | Participants with BESS Impairment, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||
Age (years) | |||||
<20 ≥20 | 45 (55.56) 36 (44.44) | 19 (0.51) 21 (1.64) | 18–19 20–25 | 9 (20) 12 (33) | 36 (80) 24 (67) |
Gender | |||||
Male Female | 10 (12.35) 71 (87.65) | - | - | 4 (40) 17 (24) | 6 (60) 54 (76) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
<20 ≥20 | 49 (60.49) 32 (39.51) | 18.17 (1.27) 22.45 (2.11) | 15.9–19.95 20.3–28.38 | 10 (20) 11 (34) | 39 (80) 21 (66) |
BDI (score) | |||||
<4 ≥4 | 44 (54.32) 37 (45.68) | 1.72 (1.93) 8.29 (8.38) | 0–8 4–17 | 14 (32) 7 (19) | 30 (68) 30 (81) |
DHI (score) | |||||
<7 ≥7 | 43 (53.09) 38 (46.91) | 0.67 (0.07) 0.82 (0.06) | 0–6 8–28 | 14 (33) 7 (18) | 29 (67) 31 (82) |
Smart phone and other visual display terminal use | |||||
Daily hours of smartphone use | |||||
<4 ≥4 | 24 (29.63) 57 (70.37) | 2.88 (0.27) 4.83 (1.70) | 2.5–3.5 2.5–8.0 | 16 (67) 5 (9) | 8 (33) 52 (91) |
Years of smartphone use | |||||
<4 ≥4 | 33 (40.74) 48 (59.26) | 2.67 (0.48) 4.88 (0.90) | 2–3 4–7 | 15 (45) 6 (13) | 18 (55) 42 (88) |
Posture when using smartphone | |||||
Sitting Lying | 33 (40.74) 48 (59.26) | - | - | 11 (33) 10 (21) | 22 (67) 38 (79) |
Daily hours of other visual display terminal use | |||||
<2 ≥2 | 60 (74.07) 21 (25.93) | 0.38 (0.48) 3.29 (1.82) | 0–1 2–9 | 18 (30) 3 (14) | 42 (70) 18 (86) |
Neck pain status | |||||
Visual analogue scale (mm) | |||||
<44 ≥44 | 60 (74.07) 21 (25.93) | 33.83 (4.37) 50.19 (4.75) | 30–44 45–64 | 21 (35) 0 (0) | 39 (65) 21 (100) |
NDI (score) | |||||
<7 ≥7 | 43 (53.09) 38 (46.91) | 5.30 (0.46) 9.29 (1.74) | 5–6 7–14 | 19 (44) 2 (5) | 24 (56) 36 (95) |
Site of neck pain | |||||
Central pain Right or left pain | 29 (35.80) 52 (64.20) | - | - | 9 (17) 11 (52) | 43 (83) 10 (48) |
Stage of neck pain | |||||
Subacute Chronic | 54 (66.67) 27 (33.33) | - | - | 17 (31) 4 (15) | 37 (69) 23 (85) |
Episode | |||||
<3 ≥3 | 14 (17.28) 67 (82.72) | - | - | 10 (71) 11 (16) | 4 (29) 56 (84) |
Cervical joint position sense error (degrees) | |||||
Right rotation | |||||
<4.5 ≥4.5 | 52 (64.20) 29 (35.80) | 3.05 (0.88) 6.29 (1.84) | 1.33–4 3.33–11.3 | 20 (35) 1 (4) | 37 (65) 23 (96) |
Left rotation | |||||
<4.5 ≥4.5 | 55 (67.90) 26 (32.10) | 3.03 (0.85) 6.09(1.80) | 1.33–4 4.5–11.3 | 21 (40) 0 (0) | 32 (60) 28 (100) |
Craniocervical flexors test (mmHg) | |||||
<24 ≥24 | 59 (72.84) 22 (27.16) | 26.47 (2.39) 17.64 (3.06) | 24–30 12–20 | 2 (9) 19 (32) | 20 (91) 40 (68) |
Impairment | Number | Prevalence | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Static balance impairment | 60 | 74.07 | 64.32 to 83.82 |
Cervical joint position sense impairment | |||
Right rotation | 29 | 35.80 | 25.14 to 46.47 |
Left rotation | 26 | 32.10 | 21.71 to 42.49 |
Craniocervical flexors function test impairment | 59 | 72.84 | 55.87 to 79.72 |
Factors | Neck Pain with Static Balance Impairment | |
---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Demographic | ||
Gender | ||
Male | 1.00 | - |
Female | 2.12 (0.53 to 8.40) | |
Age (years) | ||
<20 | 1.00 | - |
≥20 | 0.50 (0.53 to 8.40) * | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||
<20 | 1.00 | - |
≥20 | 0.49 (0.81 to 1.34) * | |
Beck Depression Inventory or BDI (scores) | ||
<4 | 1.00 | - |
≥4 | 2.00 (0.71 to 5.65) * | |
Dizziness Handicap Inventory or DHI (scores) | ||
<7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥7 | 2.14 (0.76 to 6.04) * | 2.02 (0.29 to 14.23) |
Smart phoneand other visual display terminaluse | ||
Daily hours of smartphone use (hours) | ||
<4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥4 | 20.8 (5.96 to 72.60) * | 19.24 (4.72 to 78.48) ** |
Years of smartphone use (years) | ||
<4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥4 | 5.83 (1.95 to 17.45) * | 5.01 (1.12 to 22.38) ** |
Posture when using smartphone | ||
Sitting | 1.00 | - |
Lying | 1.9 (0.70 to 5.19) | |
Daily hours of other visual display terminal use (hours) | ||
<2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥2 | 2.57 (0.67 to 9.83) * | 2.56 (0.34 to 19.12) |
Neck pain status | ||
Neck pain or VAS (mm) | ||
mild pain (30–44 mm) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
moderate pain (45–74 mm) | 10.00 (1.25 to 79.95) * | 7.66 (0.33 to 177.14) |
Neck disability index or NDI (scores) | ||
<7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥7 | 14.25 (3.04 to 66.86) * | 12.91 (2.24 to 74.45) ** |
Pain regions (group) | ||
Right or left pain | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Central pain | 3.37 (1.20 to 9.45) * | 1.80 (0.29 to 11.16) |
Stage of neck pain (stage) | ||
Sub-acute | 1.00 | - |
Chronic | 2.64 (0.79 to 8.83) * | |
Episode of neck pain (episode) | ||
<3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥3 | 12.73 (3.37 to 48.00) * | 0.61 (0.03 to 11.99) |
Cervical joint position sense error (degrees) | ||
Right rotation | ||
<4.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥4.5 | 7.77 (1.66 to 36.37) * | 5.65 (0.88 to 36.43) |
Left rotation | ||
<4.5 | 1.00 | - |
≥4.5 | 6.33 (1.35 to 29.72) * | |
Craniocervical flexors test (mmHG) | ||
<24 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥24 | 4.75 (1.00 to 22.44) * | 3.70 (0.53 to 25.90) |
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Wah, S.W.; Chatchawan, U.; Chatprem, T.; Puntumetakul, R. Prevalence of Static Balance Impairment and Associated Factors of University Student Smartphone Users with Subclinical Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710723
Wah SW, Chatchawan U, Chatprem T, Puntumetakul R. Prevalence of Static Balance Impairment and Associated Factors of University Student Smartphone Users with Subclinical Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710723
Chicago/Turabian StyleWah, Saw Wah, Uraiwan Chatchawan, Thiwaphon Chatprem, and Rungthip Puntumetakul. 2022. "Prevalence of Static Balance Impairment and Associated Factors of University Student Smartphone Users with Subclinical Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710723