Relationships between Perfectionism, Extra Training and Academic Performance in Chinese Collegiate Athletes: Mediating Role of Achievement Motivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- the aspects of perfectionistic concerns (i.e., concern over mistake and doubts about action) would show direct and negative association with extra training (hypothesis 1a);
- (b)
- the aspects of perfectionistic strivings (i.e., personal standard, organization and parental expectation) would show direct and positive association with extra training (hypothesis 1b);
- (c)
- two attributes of achievement motivation (i.e., motive for success and motive for avoiding failure) would mediate the relationship between perfectionistic concerns aspects and extra training (i.e., the direct effect would be attenuated; hypothesis 1c)
- (d)
- the aspects of perfectionistic concerns (i.e., concern over mistake and doubts about action) would show direct and negative association with academic performance (GPA) (hypothesis 2a);
- (e)
- the aspects of perfectionistic strivings (i.e., personal standard, organization and parental expectation) would show direct and positive association with academic performance (GPA) (hypothesis 2b);
- (f)
- two attributes of achievement motivation (i.e., motive for success and motive for avoiding failure) would mediate the relationship between perfectionistic concerns aspects and academic performance (GPA) (i.e., the direct effect would be attenuated; hypothesis 2c). The research framework is shown in Figure 1.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants, and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. First-Wave Data Collection
2.2.2. Second-Wave Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and Primary Analysis
3.2. Main Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Models | α | χ2 | p | df | χ2/df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | 90% CI of RMSEA | SRMR | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CM | 0.863 | 22.555 | 0.02 | 11 | 2.050 | 0.980 | 0.963 | 0.066 | 0.025–0.104 | 0.031 | 0.379–0.831 |
PS | 0.702 | 15.192 | 0.17 | 11 | 1.381 | 0.977 | 0.955 | 0.040 | 0.000–0.083 | 0.037 | 0.386–0.721 |
DA | 0.739 | Saturated measurement model | 0.598–0.805 | ||||||||
OR | 0.725 | 13.505 | 0.14 | 9 | 1.501 | 0.969 | 0.948 | 0.045 | 0.000–0.092 | 0.038 | 0.425–0.740 |
PE | 0.782 | 7.851 | 0.09 | 4 | 1.963 | 0.986 | 0.966 | 0.063 | 0.000–0.128 | 0.024 | 0.522–0.757 |
MS | 0.884 | 76.497 | <0.001 | 32 | 2.391 | 0.942 | 0.919 | 0.076 | 0.054–0.098 | 0.056 | 0.460–0.855 |
MF | 0.873 | 65.637 | <0.001 | 34 | 1.931 | 0.948 | 0.932 | 0.062 | 0.039–0.084 | 0.049 | 0.537–0.823 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. CM | 1 | ||||||||
2. PS | 0.09 | 1 | |||||||
3. DA | 0.29 ** | 0.29 ** | 1 | ||||||
4. OR | 0.03 | 0.39 ** | 0.09 | 1 | |||||
5. PE | 0.24 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.30 ** | 1 | ||||
6. MS | 0.16 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.14 * | 0.30 ** | 1 | |||
7. MF | 0.18 ** | 0.11 | 0.31 ** | −0.08 | 0.19 ** | 0.31 ** | 1 | ||
8. ET | −0.03 | 0.31 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.15 * | 0.18 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.08 | 1 | |
9. AP | 0.18 * | 0.44 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.22 * | 1 |
Mean (SD) | 3.01 (0.93) | 3.51 (0.56) | 3.12 (0.80) | 3.98 (0.54) | 3.11 (0.80) | 2.51 (0.57) | 2.25 (0.58) | 3.26 (2.44) | 3.29 (0.47) |
Range | 1–5 | 2.14–5 | 1–5 | 1.83–5 | 1–5 | 1–4 | 1–4 | 0–8 | 2–4 |
Effects | Extra Training (ET) | Academic Performance (GPA) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | 95%CI | β | p | 95%CI | |||
LB | UB | LB | UB | |||||
Direct effects | ||||||||
CM→ET | −0.13 | 0.021 | −0.22 | −0.03 | ||||
PS→ET | 0.13 | 0.045 | 0.02 | 0.24 | ||||
DA→ET | 0.18 | 0.005 | 0.07 | 0.28 | ||||
OR→ET | 0.02 | 0.71 | −0.09 | 0.13 | ||||
PE→ET | −0.03 | 0.63 | −0.13 | 0.07 | ||||
MS→ET | 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.43 | ||||
MF→ET | −0.06 | 0.26 | −0.15 | 0.03 | ||||
CM→GPA | 0.07 | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.14 | ||||
PS→GPA | 0.20 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.29 | ||||
DA→GPA | 0.12 | 0.037 | 0.02 | 0.21 | ||||
OR→GPA | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.29 | ||||
PE→GPA | −0.01 | 0.82 | −0.09 | 0.07 | ||||
MS→GPA | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.43 | ||||
MF→GPA | 0.06 | 0.30 | −0.03 | 0.15 | ||||
Indirect effects | ||||||||
CM→MS→ET | 0.02 | 0.38 | −0.02 | 0.05 | ||||
PS→MS→ET | 0.10 | 0.002 | 0.06 | 0.17 | ||||
DA→MS→ET | 0.06 | 0.027 | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||||
OR→MS→ET | −0.01 | 0.58 | −0.05 | 0.02 | ||||
PE→MS→ET | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.01 | 0.08 | ||||
CM→MF→ET | −0.01 | 0.43 | −0.02 | 0.001 | ||||
PS→MF→ET | −0.003 | 0.69 | −0.02 | 0.003 | ||||
DA→MF→ET | −0.02 | 0.30 | −0.05 | 0.004 | ||||
OR→MF→ET | 0.01 | 0.35 | −0.002 | 0.03 | ||||
PE→MF→ET | −0.01 | 0.38 | −0.03 | 0.001 | ||||
CM→MS→GPA | 0.02 | 0.37 | −0.01 | 0.05 | ||||
PS→MS→GPA | 0.10 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.16 | ||||
DA→MS→GPA | 0.06 | 0.037 | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||||
OR→MS→GPA | −0.01 | 0.58 | −0.05 | 0.02 | ||||
PE→MS→GPA | 0.03 | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.08 | ||||
CM→MF→GPA | 0.01 | 0.49 | −0.001 | 0.02 | ||||
PS→MF→GPA | 0.002 | 0.74 | −0.004 | 0.02 | ||||
DA→MF→GPA | 0.02 | 0.34 | −0.01 | 0.05 | ||||
OR→MF→GPA | −0.01 | 0.42 | −0.03 | 0.003 | ||||
PE→MF→GPA | 0.01 | 0.41 | −0.002 | 0.03 | ||||
Total effects | ||||||||
CM→ET | −0.12 | 0.046 | −0.22 | −0.02 | ||||
PS→ET | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.33 | ||||
DA→ET | 0.22 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.33 | ||||
OR→ET | 0.02 | 0.75 | −0.09 | 0.13 | ||||
PE→ET | −0.004 | 0.94 | −0.10 | 0.10 | ||||
CM→GPA | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.17 | ||||
PS→GPA | 0.30 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.39 | ||||
DA→GPA | 0.19 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.28 | ||||
OR→GPA | 0.18 | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.28 | ||||
PE→GPA | 0.03 | 0.64 | −0.07 | 0.13 |
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Han, C.; Li, F.; Lian, B.; Vencúrik, T.; Liang, W. Relationships between Perfectionism, Extra Training and Academic Performance in Chinese Collegiate Athletes: Mediating Role of Achievement Motivation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710764
Han C, Li F, Lian B, Vencúrik T, Liang W. Relationships between Perfectionism, Extra Training and Academic Performance in Chinese Collegiate Athletes: Mediating Role of Achievement Motivation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710764
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Chengjiang, Feng Li, Bizhen Lian, Tomas Vencúrik, and Wei Liang. 2022. "Relationships between Perfectionism, Extra Training and Academic Performance in Chinese Collegiate Athletes: Mediating Role of Achievement Motivation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710764