COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals in Brazil: Associations between Social and Clinical Contexts and Psychopathological Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Study Location
2.3. Data Collection and Variable Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis and Processing
2.5. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Psychopathological Symptoms by Regions of the Country
3.3. Psychopathological Symptoms, Social and Clinical Profile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|
Social profile | ||
Gender | ||
Female | 1518 (87.4) | (85.8–88.9) |
Male | 219 (12.6) | (11.1–14.2) |
Age range | ||
≤19 years | 4 (0.2) | (0.1–0.5) |
20–59 years | 1692 (97.4) | (96.6–98.1) |
≥60 years | 41 (2.4) | (1.7–3.2) |
Marital status | ||
Married/Stable union | 927 (53.4) | (51.0–55.7) |
Single/Widowed | 810 (46.6) | (44.3–49.0) |
Race/Skin Color | ||
White | 889 (51.2) | (48.8–53.5) |
Brown | 635 (36.6) | (34.3–38.8) |
Black | 170 (9.8) | (8.5–11.3) |
Others | 43 (2.5) | (1.8–3.3) |
In which region do you live in Brazil? | ||
Midwest region | 283 (16.3) | (14.6–18.1) |
Northeast region | 416 (23.9) | (22.0–26.0) |
North region | 268 (15.4) | (13.8–17.2) |
Southeast region | 552 (31.8) | (29.6–34.0) |
South region | 218 (12.6) | (11.1–14.2) |
Professional profile | ||
Professional performance | ||
Nurse | 1466 (84.4) | (82.6–86.0) |
Nursing Technician | 230 (13.2) | (11.7–14.9) |
Nursing assistant | 37 (2.1) | (1.5–2.9) |
Midwife | 4 (0.2) | (0.1–0.5) |
Weekly workload * | ||
20 h/week | 73 (4.6) | (3.7–5.7) |
36 h/week | 382 (24.2) | (22.1–26.4) |
40 h/week | 643 (40.7) | (38.3–43.2) |
44 h/week | 136 (8.6) | (7.3–10.1) |
More than 44 h/week | 344 (21.8) | (19.8–23.9) |
Total monthly income ** (Adding up all income sources) | ||
<1 MS | 67 (3.9) | (3.0–4.8) |
1–3 MS | 707 (40.7) | (38.4–43.0) |
4–6 MS | 577 (33.2) | (31.0–35.5) |
7–9 MS | 252 (14.5) | (12.9–16.2) |
≥10 MS | 134 (7.7) | (6.5–9.0) |
Are you currently working in direct care? | ||
No | 675 (38.9) | (36.6–41.2) |
Yes | 1062 (61.1) | (58.8–63.4) |
Midwest Region | Northeast Region | North Region | Southeast Region | South Region | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Psychoticism | 0.63 ± 0.49 | 0.66 ± 0.48 | 0.73 ± 0.50 | 0.63 ± 0.48 | 0.55 ± 0.45 | 0.002 |
Obsessive–compulsive | 0.68 ± 0.52 | 0.73 ± 0.51 | 0.74 ± 0.52 | 0.68 ± 0.48 | 0.65 ± 0.51 | 0.123 |
Somatization | 0.71 ± 0.54 | 0.74 ± 0.52 | 0.75 ± 0.55 | 0.71 ± 0.48 | 0.64 ± 0.53 | 0.056 |
Anxiety | 0.44 ± 0.48 | 0.48 ± 0.50 | 0.47 ± 0.53 | 0.44 ± 0.48 | 0.41 ± 0.47 | 0.625 |
Psychoticism | Obsessive–Compulsive | Somatization | Anxiety | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Social profile | ||||||||
Gender | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.154 | ||||
Female | 0.66 ± 0.48 | 0.71 ± 0.50 | 0.72 ± 0.53 | 0.46 ± 0.48 | ||||
Male | 0.55 ± 0.49 | 0.60 ± 0.51 | 0.62 ± 0.55 | 0.43 ± 0.49 | ||||
Age range | 0.002 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
≤19 years | 0.53 ± 0.19 | 0.58 ± 0.30 | 0.83 ± 0.35 | 0.75 ± 0.19 | ||||
20–59 years | 0.65 ± 0.48 | 0.71 ± 0.51 | 0.72 ± 0.53 | 0.46 ± 0.48 | ||||
≥60 years | 0.38 ± 0.43 | 0.40 ± 0.43 | 0.30 ± 0.40 | 0.20 ± 0.43 | ||||
Marital status | 0.010 | 0.049 | 0.052 | <0.001 | ||||
Married/Stable union | 0.61 ± 0.47 | 0.68 ± 0.51 | 0.69 ± 0.54 | 0.42 ± 0.47 | ||||
Single/Widowed | 0.67 ± 0.49 | 0.72 ± 0.50 | 0.73 ± 0.52 | 0.49 ± 0.49 | ||||
Race/Skin Color | 0.110 | 0.280 | 0.490 | 0.783 | ||||
White | 0.61 ± 0.48 | 0.68 ± 0.50 | 0.69 ± 0.53 | 0.44 ± 0.48 | ||||
Brown | 0.67 ± 0.48 | 0.71 ± 0.51 | 0.70 ± 0.53 | 0.46 ± 0.48 | ||||
Black | 0.69 ± 0.53 | 0.76 ± 0.55 | 0.77 ± 0.58 | 0.50 ± 0.53 | ||||
Others | 0.69 ± 0.53 | 0.74 ± 0.51 | 0.76 ± 0.53 | 0.51 ± 0.53 | ||||
Clinical profile | ||||||||
Have you started some kind of psychological follow-up in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 0.97 ± 0.50 | 1.01 ± 0.51 | 1.06 ± 0.54 | 0.79 ± 0.50 | ||||
No | 0.62 ± 0.47 | 0.67 ± 0.50 | 0.68 ± 0.53 | 0.42 ± 0.47 | ||||
Have you started some kind of psychiatric follow-up in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 1.01 ± 0.53 | 1.03 ± 0.53 | 1.05 ± 0.55 | 0.78 ± 0.53 | ||||
No | 0.62 ± 0.47 | 0.68 ± 0.50 | 0.68 ± 0.53 | 0.43 ± 0.47 | ||||
Have you been using some psychiatric medication without a medical prescription in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 0.93 ± 0.48 | 1.01 ± 0.50 | 1.04 ± 0.50 | 0.80 ± 0.48 | ||||
No | 0.61 ± 0.47 | 0.67 ± 0.50 | 0.67 ± 0.53 | 0.42 ± 0.47 | ||||
Have you received psychological/emotional support from the institution where you work/study in the context of COVID-19? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 0.54 ± 0.45 | 0.60 ± 0.49 | 0.62 ± 0.52 | 0.38 ± 0.45 | ||||
No | 0.67 ± 0.49 | 0.72 ± 0.51 | 0.73 ± 0.54 | 0.47 ± 0.49 | ||||
Do you have a family member, friend, neighbor, or colleague who was infected by the COVID-19 virus? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 0.68 ± 0.49 | 0.74 ± 0.51 | 0.75 ± 0.54 | 0.48 ± 0.49 | ||||
No | 0.53 ± 0.45 | 0.60 ± 0.49 | 0.59 ± 0.52 | 0.38 ± 0.45 | ||||
Have you had a family member, friend, neighbor, or colleague die from COVID-19? | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.006 | ||||
Yes | 0.74 ± 0.50 | 0.81 ± 0.54 | 0.80 ± 0.55 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | ||||
No | 0.60 ± 0.47 | 0.65 ± 0.49 | 0.67 ± 0.53 | 0.42 ± 0.47 | ||||
Have you taken action(s) to take care of your mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? | 0.043 | 0.035 | 0.023 | 0.097 | ||||
Yes | 0.62 ± 0.48 | 0.67 ± 0.50 | 0.68 ± 0.53 | 0.43 ± 0.48 | ||||
No | 0.66 ± 0.48 | 0.72 ± 0.51 | 0.73 ± 0.54 | 0.48 ± 0.48 |
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Nóbrega, M.d.P.S.d.S.; Kogien, M.; Marcon, S.R.; de Souza Gonçalves, A.M.; Bittencourt, M.N.; Pena, J.L.C.; Silva, M.S.C.; Santos Junior, D.F.; Mendes, D.T.; Moreira, W.C.; et al. COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals in Brazil: Associations between Social and Clinical Contexts and Psychopathological Symptoms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710766
Nóbrega MdPSdS, Kogien M, Marcon SR, de Souza Gonçalves AM, Bittencourt MN, Pena JLC, Silva MSC, Santos Junior DF, Mendes DT, Moreira WC, et al. COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals in Brazil: Associations between Social and Clinical Contexts and Psychopathological Symptoms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710766
Chicago/Turabian StyleNóbrega, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro de Sousa, Moisés Kogien, Samira Reschetti Marcon, Angélica Martins de Souza Gonçalves, Marina Nolli Bittencourt, José Luís Cunha Pena, Maria Silvia Costa Silva, Darci Francisco Santos Junior, Dárcio Tadeu Mendes, Wanderson Carneiro Moreira, and et al. 2022. "COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals in Brazil: Associations between Social and Clinical Contexts and Psychopathological Symptoms" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710766