Acute Effect of Exposure to Extreme Heat (100 ± 3 °C) on Lower Limb Maximal Resistance Strength
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Guidelines
2.2. Health Security Protocol
2.3. Participants
2.4. Experimental Protocol
2.5. Anthropometric and Body Composition Evaluations
2.6. Physical Activity Evaluation
2.7. Cardiovascular Evaluation
2.8. Body Temperatures Evaluation
2.9. Strength Evaluation and Maximum Repetition Calculation
2.10. Rating of Perceived Exertion
2.11. Sauna Bathing
2.12. Moving from the Sauna to the Gym
2.13. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evaluation 1: Normothermia | Evaluation 2: Pre-Heating | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Untrained Group (n = 15) | Trained Group (n = 15) | Untrained Group (n = 15) | Trained Group (n = 15) | |
Weight (kg) | 66.45 ± 8.03 | 80.26 ± 12.44 + | 66.56 ± 8.22 | 80.58 ± 12.34 + |
Height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 1.76 ± 0.09 | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 1.76 ± 0.09 |
BMI | 21.82 ± 2.46 | 24.97 ± 2.21 + | 21.83 ± 2.55 | 25.05 ± 2.17 + |
BM (Kcal/day) | 1706 ± 111 | 1925 ± 210 + | 1707 ± 121 | 1930 ± 208 + |
Training (hours/week) | 4.56 ± 0.92 | 9.17 ± 1.02 ++ | 4.72 ± 0.71 | 10.22 ± 0.43 ++ |
Perimeter-Arm (cm) | 28.97 ± 1.73 | 33.70 ± 2.79 +++ | 28.72 ± 1.75 | 33.73 ± 3.03 +++ |
Perimeter-Tight (cm) | 51.65 ± 3.16 | 57.57 ± 4.70 ++ | 51.12 ± 4.17 | 57.58 ± 3.99 ++ |
Perimeter-Calf (cm) | 36.12 ± 2.62 | 38.36 ± 2.27 + | 35.82 ± 2.53 | 38.79 ± 1.93 + |
Perimeter-Waist (cm) | 75.93 ± 3.96 | 79.04 ± 6.23 | 75.81 ± 4.42 | 79.66 ± 5.43 |
Perimeter-Hip (cm) | 83.42 ± 7.51 | 85.20 ± 7.31 | 81.66 ± 6.78 | 84.73 ± 6.96 |
Waist-to-hip index | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.02 |
Fold-Abdominal (cm) | 19.45 ± 8.62 | 18.13 ± 8.44 | 19.71 ± 7.56 | 18.41 ± 9.37 |
Fold-Suprailiac (cm) | 16.43 ± 7.35 | 17.20 ± 7.76 | 16.01 ± 8.10 | 18.95 ± 7.93 |
Fold-Subscapular (cm) | 13.31 ± 5.38 | 13.37 ± 4.96 | 13.42 ± 6.34 | 13.51 ± 3.77 |
Fold-Tricipital (cm) | 11.80 ± 4.78 | 12.16 ± 4.34 | 11.56 ± 4.30 | 13.75 ± 5.75 |
Fold-Tight(cm) | 17.62 ± 7.64 | 2086 ± 7.83 | 17.35 ± 6.62 | 19.55 ± 6.29 |
Fold-Twin (cm) | 9.67 ± 4.33 | 11.16 ± 4.39 | 9.15 ± 4.46 | 11.94 ± 5.64 |
Fat weight (kg) | 8.16 ± 2.61 | 10.45 ± 4.25 | 8.08 ± 2.51 | 10.71 ± 4.34 |
Fat weight (%) | 12.20 ± 3.48 | 12.27 ± 3.62 | 12.10 ± 3.28 | 12.96 ± 3.51 |
Muscle weight (kg) | 31.54 ± 4.69 | 38.21 ± 4.25 + | 31.52 ± 5.03 | 38.00 ± 4.57 + |
Muscle weight (%) | 51.28 ± 2.65 | 51.14 ± 3.06 | 50.29 ± 2.80 | 50.66 ± 3.42 |
Lean weight (kg) | 58.36 ± 7.21 | 69.81 ± 8.74 + | 58.46 ± 7.22 | 69.86 ± 8.92 + |
Lean body Mass (%) | 87.02 ± 4.08 | 83.31 ± 3.64 | 86.21 ± 4.50 | 83.55 ± 4.84 |
Bone weight (kg) | 11.04 ± 0.92 | 12.25 ± 1.89 | 11.03 ± 0.74 | 12.44 ± 1.84 |
Bone weight (%) | 16.73 ± 1.45 | 15.30 ± 1.19 | 16.70 ± 1.41 | 15.47 ± 0.96 |
Body water (kg) | 42.16 ± 3.74 | 48.77 ± 6.44 + | 41.96 ± 3.66 | 48.98 ± 5.54 + |
Body Water (%) | 63.68 ± 2.97 | 60.97 ± 2.68 | 63.32 ± 3.27 | 61.17 ± 3.55 |
Evaluation 1: Normothermia | Evaluation 2: Pre-Heating | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-RM | Post-RM | Pre-Sauna | Post-Sauna- Pre-RM | Post-RM | |
Untrained Group (n = 15) | |||||
Weight (kg) | 66.4 ± 8.0 | 66.4 ± 7.5 | 66.4 ± 8.1 | 66.2 ± 8.1 * | 66.6 ± 8.8 |
SBP (mmHg) | 125 ± 17 | 136 ± 21 | 120 ± 5 | 123 ± 12 | 122 ± 12 |
DBP (mmHg) | 73 ± 7 | 78 ± 10 | 73 ± 12 | 73 ± 6 | 68 ± 8 ° |
Heart Rate (bpm) | 82 ± 17 | 93 ± 19 | 73 ± 12 | 125 ± 20 * | 123 ± 25 ^° |
Temp-Mouth (°C) | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | 36.9 ± 0.4 | 39.0 ± 0.8 * | 38.2 ± 0.9 *° |
Temp-Forehead (°C) | 36.7 ± 0.5 | 36.5 ± 0.4 | 36.8 ± 0.4 | 39.6 ± 2.1 * | 36.8 ± 1.4 * |
Temp-Tight (°C) | 35.7 ± 0.5 | 35.6 ± 0.5 | 34.9 ± 1.8 | 39.1 ± 2.1 * | 36.5 ± 1.5 |
Trained group (n = 15) | |||||
Weight (kg) | 80.3 ± 12.4 + | 80.4 ± 10.1 + | 80.5 ± 12.2 + | 80.2 ± 12.2 +** | 80.1 ± 12.4 + |
SBP (mmHg) | 128 ± 12 | 128 ± 9 | 122 ± 9 | 119 ± 11 | 123 ± 9 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 6 | 74 ± 9 | 72 ± 14 | 76 ± 18 | 71 ± 9 ° |
Heart Rate (bpm) | 73 ± 10 | 84 ± 16 * | 66 ± 7 | 113 ± 19 ** | 106 ± 17 ^^° |
Temp-Mouth (°C) | 36.4 ± 0.6 | 36.7 ± 0.4 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 38.5 ± 0.9 ** | 37.3 ± 0.44 +**^^° |
Temp-Forehead (°C) | 36.7 ± 0.4 | 36.5 ± 0.5 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 39.8 ± 1.4 ** | 36.3 ± 0.3 ** |
Temp-Tight (°C) | 34.4 ± 1.9 + | 35.4 ± 0.6 | 34.3 ± 2.3 | 39.4 ± 1.7 ** | 35.7 ± 0.3 **^ |
Evaluation 1: Normothermia | Evaluation 2: Pre-Heating | Differences. | % Change | R | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untrained Group (n = 15) | |||||
Load (kg) | 161.9 ± 49.7 | 198.8 ± 50.7 * | +36.8 ± 27.6 | 26.9 ± 28.9 | 0.797 |
Repetitions | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | −0.3 ± 1.4 | −2.3 ± 35.1 | 0.169 |
RM (kg) | 178.5 ± 56.7 | 217.6 ± 59.2 * | +39.1 ± 34.5 | 26.7 ± 33.5 | 0.798 |
Relative RM | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 * | +0.6 ± 0.6 | 26.4 ± 33.0 | 0.798 |
Muscular RM | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.1 * | +1.1 ± 1.1 | 23.8 ± 32.3 | 0.797 |
RPE | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.9 | +0.4 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 9.8 | 0.421 |
Trained group (n = 15) | |||||
Load (kg) | 257.054.9 ++ | 282.0 ± 59.8 ++** | +25.0 ± 6.5 | 9.9 ± 6.2 + | 0.888 |
Repetitions | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | +0.3 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 17.0 | 0.424 |
RM (kg) | 285.0 ± 62.4 +++ | 314.9 ± 1.0 +** | +30.0 ± 21.0 | 11.0 ± 7.2 | 0.886 |
Relative RM | 3.6 ± 0.9 ++ | 4.00 ± 1.9 +** | +0.4 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 7.2 | 0.886 |
Muscular RM | 7.8 ± 1.7 ++ | 8.7 ± 1.9 +** | +0.9 ± 0.5 | 11.4 ± 6.6 | 0.854 |
RPE | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 8.3 ± 0.8 * | +0.80 ± 1.0 | 11.5 ± 14.7 | 0.630 |
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Bartolomé, I.; Toro-Román, V.; Siquier-Coll, J.; Muñoz, D.; Robles-Gil, M.C.; Maynar-Mariño, M. Acute Effect of Exposure to Extreme Heat (100 ± 3 °C) on Lower Limb Maximal Resistance Strength. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710934
Bartolomé I, Toro-Román V, Siquier-Coll J, Muñoz D, Robles-Gil MC, Maynar-Mariño M. Acute Effect of Exposure to Extreme Heat (100 ± 3 °C) on Lower Limb Maximal Resistance Strength. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710934
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomé, Ignacio, Víctor Toro-Román, Jesús Siquier-Coll, Diego Muñoz, María C. Robles-Gil, and Marcos Maynar-Mariño. 2022. "Acute Effect of Exposure to Extreme Heat (100 ± 3 °C) on Lower Limb Maximal Resistance Strength" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710934