Multivariate Statistics, Mineralogy, and Radiological Hazards Assessment Due to the Natural Radioactivity Content in Pyroclastic Products from Mt. Etna, Sicily, Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geological Notes and Sampling
2.2. HPGE Gamma Spectrometry Measurements
2.3. Assessment of Radiological Hazard Effects
2.3.1. Absorbed Gamma Dose Rate
2.3.2. Radium Equivalent Activity
2.3.3. Hazard Indices
2.3.4. The Annual Effective Dose Equivalent Outdoor
2.3.5. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk
2.4. Statistical Treatments
2.5. XRD Analysis
2.6. MRS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Activity Concentration of the Radionuclides
3.2. Dose Assessment and Hazard Indices
3.3. Statistical Features
3.4. Mineralogical Composition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site ID | Sampling Site | GPS Position | |
---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | ||
1 | Zafferana Etnea | 37.688641 | 15.094988 |
2 | Tarderia | 37.649748 | 15.056632 |
3 | Milo | 37.71456 | 15.116151 |
4 | Santa Venerina | 37.688089 | 15.131235 |
5 | Viagrande | 37.615743 | 15.098462 |
6 | S. Giovanni La Punta | 37.57984 | 15.093265 |
7 | Pedara | 37.618727 | 15.056004 |
8 | Rifugio Sapienza | 37.698988 | 15.001205 |
9 | Fleri | 37.652492 | 15.095406 |
10 | Piano del Vescovo | 37.699004 | 15.053896 |
GMX Detector | |
---|---|
Parameter | Value |
FWHM | 1.94 keV |
Peak/Compton | 65:1 |
εr | 37.5% (at the 1.33 MeV 60Co γ-line) |
ΔV | −4800 V |
ΔεE | 5 keV–2 MeV |
Site ID | CRa (Bq kg−1 d.w.) | CTh (Bq kg−1 d.w.) | CK (Bq kg−1 d.w.) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 63.5 ± 7.2 | 28.7 ± 3.9 | 515 ± 60 |
2 | 64.6 ± 7.3 | 28.8 ± 3.9 | 495 ± 56 |
3 | 63.4 ± 7.1 | 29.9 ± 4.3 | 506 ± 58 |
4 | 64.2 ± 7.1 | 29.4 ± 4.2 | 528 ± 62 |
5 | 67.5 ± 7.5 | 30.0 ± 4.3 | 530 ± 61 |
6 | 50.1 ± 5.7 | 21.7 ± 3.0 | 404 ± 47 |
7 | 65.4 ± 7.3 | 28.2 ± 3.8 | 514 ± 58 |
8 | 49.4 ± 5.6 | 21.6 ± 3.1 | 396 ± 46 |
9 | 62.4 ± 7.1 | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 519 ± 61 |
10 | 63.4 ± 7.1 | 28.9 ± 4.0 | 479 ± 55 |
Statistically Function | CRa | CTh | CK |
---|---|---|---|
Min | 49.4 | 21.6 | 396 |
Max | 67.5 | 30.0 | 530 |
Mean | 61.39 | 27.45 | 488.6 |
Geometric mean | 61.07 | 27.26 | 486.18 |
Median | 63.45 | 28.75 | 510.00 |
Standard deviation | 5.97 | 3.00 | 46.58 |
Skewness | −1.31 | −1.26 | −1.19 |
Kurtosis | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.20 |
Site ID | D (nGy h−1) | Raeq (Bq kg−1) | Hin | Hex | AEDEout (µSv y−1) | ELCR (×10−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 68.1 | 144 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 83.6 | 0.29 |
2 | 67.9 | 144 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 83.3 | 0.29 |
3 | 68.5 | 145 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 84.0 | 0.29 |
4 | 69.4 | 147 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 85.2 | 0.30 |
5 | 71.4 | 151 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 87.6 | 0.31 |
6 | 53.1 | 112 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 65.1 | 0.23 |
7 | 68.7 | 145 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 84.2 | 0.29 |
8 | 52.4 | 111 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 64.2 | 0.22 |
9 | 66.9 | 141 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 82.2 | 0.29 |
10 | 66.7 | 142 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 81.8 | 0.29 |
Average | 65.3 | 138 | 0.54 | 0.37 | 80.2 | 0.28 |
Variables | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Shapiro–Wilk | Anderson-Darling | Lilliefors | |
CRa | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
CTh | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.015 |
CK | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.007 |
Variables | CRa | CTh | CK | D | Raeq | Hin | Hex | AEDEout | ELCR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRa | 1 | ||||||||
CTh | 0.970 | 1 | |||||||
CK | 0.954 | 0.925 | 1 | ||||||
D | 0.994 | 0.980 | 0.975 | 1 | |||||
Raeq | 0.994 | 0.983 | 0.972 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
Hin | 0.997 | 0.980 | 0.968 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 1 | |||
Hex | 0.994 | 0.983 | 0.972 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1 | ||
AEDEout | 0.994 | 0.980 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1 | |
ELCR | 0.994 | 0.980 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1 |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | 8.897 | 0.077 | 0.026 |
Variability (%) | 98.855 | 0.858 | 0.287 |
% Total Variance Explained | 98.855 | 99.713 | 100.000 |
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Caridi, F.; Spoto, S.E.; Mottese, A.F.; Paladini, G.; Crupi, V.; Belvedere, A.; Marguccio, S.; D’Agostino, M.; Faggio, G.; Grillo, R.; et al. Multivariate Statistics, Mineralogy, and Radiological Hazards Assessment Due to the Natural Radioactivity Content in Pyroclastic Products from Mt. Etna, Sicily, Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711040
Caridi F, Spoto SE, Mottese AF, Paladini G, Crupi V, Belvedere A, Marguccio S, D’Agostino M, Faggio G, Grillo R, et al. Multivariate Statistics, Mineralogy, and Radiological Hazards Assessment Due to the Natural Radioactivity Content in Pyroclastic Products from Mt. Etna, Sicily, Southern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711040
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaridi, Francesco, Sebastiano Ettore Spoto, Antonio Francesco Mottese, Giuseppe Paladini, Vincenza Crupi, Alberto Belvedere, Santina Marguccio, Maurizio D’Agostino, Giuliana Faggio, Rossella Grillo, and et al. 2022. "Multivariate Statistics, Mineralogy, and Radiological Hazards Assessment Due to the Natural Radioactivity Content in Pyroclastic Products from Mt. Etna, Sicily, Southern Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 11040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711040