Reactions to Pictorial and Text Cigarette Pack Warning Labels among Chinese Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Research Design
3.2. Sample Participants and Data Collection
3.3. Measurement
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Multivariate Analyses
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | All Observations | Chi-Square Test p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | |||||
Perceived harm | 3.06 (1.276) | 2.98 (1.321) | 3.45 (1.298) | 3.20 (1.314) | 0.002 |
Intention to quit smoking due to pictorial warnings | 2.83 (1.239) | 2.87 (1.257) | 3.41 (1.310) | 3.08 (1.301) | <0.001 |
Intention to quit smoking due to cigarette price | 3.00 (1.254) | 3.15 (1.326) | 3.40 (1.255) | 3.21 (1.285) | 0.019 |
Age | 40.373 (10.298) | 38.766 (10.636) | 39.553 (10.505) | 39.558 (10.487) | 0.319 |
Gender | 0.863 | ||||
Male | 93.8% | 92.4% | 93% | 93.0% | |
Female | 6.2% | 7.6% | 7.0% | 7.0% | |
Education | <0.001 | ||||
Less than HS | 9.3% | 6.1% | 18.5% | 12.1% | |
High school | 23.8% | 14.7% | 20.7% | 19.8% | |
Some college | 31.6% | 25.9% | 21.4% | 25.7% | |
Bachelor or above | 35.2% | 53.3% | 39.5% | 42.4% | |
Income | 0.034 | ||||
Below 5 wan | 28% | 22.8% | 33.9% | 28.9% | |
Between 6 and 10 wan | 39.9% | 41.1% | 42.1% | 41.1% | |
Between 11 and 20 wan | 24.4% | 23.9% | 15.1% | 20.4% | |
More than 20 wan | 7.8% | 12.2% | 8.9% | 9.5% | |
Marital status | 0.082 | ||||
Never married | 18.7% | 27.9% | 21.8% | 22.7% | |
Other | 81.3% | 72.1% | 78.2% | 77.3% | |
Having children | 0.400 | ||||
Yes | 74.6% | 68.5% | 72.3% | 71.9% | |
No | 25.4% | 31.5% | 27.7% | 28.1% | |
Nicotine dependence | |||||
Average cigarette consumption | 0.259 | ||||
No more than 10 cigarettes | 43.5% | 44.2% | 43.2% | 43.6% | |
Between 11 and 20 cigarettes | 34.2% | 41.6% | 38.0% | 38.0% | |
Between 21 and 30 cigarettes | 15.5% | 11.7% | 15.5% | 14.4% | |
31+ cigarettes | 6.7% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 4.1% | |
Average waiting time from wakening to smoking the first cigarette | 0.068 | ||||
No more than 5 min | 20.7% | 9.6% | 14.4% | 14.8% | |
Between 6 and 30 min | 33.2% | 33.5% | 34.3% | 33.7% | |
Between 31 and 60 min | 17.1% | 20.3% | 21.8% | 20.0% | |
More than 60 min | 29% | 36.5% | 29.5% | 31.5% | |
Harming themselves | 0.037 | ||||
Very little | 10.4% | 4.6% | 5.5% | 6.7% | |
Somewhat little | 30.6% | 38.1% | 29.9% | 32.5% | |
Somewhat major | 42.5% | 44.7% | 52.8% | 47.4% | |
To a great extent | 16.6% | 12.7% | 11.8% | 13.5% | |
Harms exposure to second-hand smoke | 0.746 | ||||
Very little | 10.4% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 9.7% | |
Somewhat little | 36.3% | 40.1% | 34.7% | 36.8% | |
Somewhat major | 37.8% | 40.1% | 42.8% | 40.5% | |
To a great extent | 15.5% | 11.2% | 12.5% | 13.0% | |
Obs. | 193 | 197 | 271 | 661 |
Model 1 (Group 1 vs. 2) | Model 2 (Group 1 vs. 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | |
Group indicator | −0.090 (−0.355 to 0.176) | 0.507 | 0.180 (0.064 to 0.297) ** | 0.003 |
Age | 0.014 (−0.005 to 0.033) | 0.137 | 0.013 (−0.003 to 0.028) | 0.104 |
Gender (0/1) | 0.182 (−0.351 to 0.716) | 0.503 | 0.656 (0.182 to 1.131) ** | 0.007 |
Education | ||||
Less than HS | 0.017 (−0.519 to 0.554) | 0.949 | −0.598 (−0.981 to −0.214) ** | 0.002 |
High school | 0.019 (−0.373 to 0.411) | 0.923 | 0.012 (−0.315 to 0.338) | 0.944 |
Some college | 0.007 (−0.318 to 0.331) | 0.969 | −0.183 (−0.481 to 0.116) | 0.230 |
BA+ (reference) | ||||
Income | ||||
Below 5 wan | 0.304 (−0.214 to 0.821) | 0.249 | −0.178 (−0.649 to 0.293) | 0.458 |
Between 6 and 10 wan | 0.285 (−0.192 to 0.762) | 0.241 | −0.174 (−0.619 to 0.272) | 0.445 |
Between 11 and 20 wan | 0.294 (−0.202 to 0.791) | 0.244 | −0.535 (−1.109 to −0.050) * | 0.031 |
>20 wan (reference) | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 0.277 (−0.309 to 0.863) | 0.353 | 0.489 (−0.003 to 0.965) † | 0.052 |
Other (reference) | ||||
Having children (0/1) | 0.218 (−0.333 to 0.768) | 0.437 | 0.276 (−0.186 to 0.737) | 0.241 |
Average daily consumption of cigarettes | −0.103 (−0.284 to 0.078) | 0.263 | −0.116 (−0.274 to 0.041) | 0.147 |
Average waiting time of smoking first cigarette after waking up | 0.087 (−0.051 to 0.226) | 0.216 | 0.166 (0.043 to 0.290) ** | 0.008 |
Harming themselves | 0.214 (0.001 to 0.427) * | 0.049 | 0.249 (0.069 to 0.428) ** | 0.007 |
Harms on exposure to second-hand smoke | −0.046 (−0.254 to 0.161) | 0.660 | 0.087 (−0.085 to 0.259) | 0.321 |
Adjusted R-square | 0.048 | 0.118 | ||
N | N = 390 | N = 464 |
Model 1 (Group 1 vs. 2) | Model 2 (Group 1 vs. 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | |
Group indicator | 0.064 (−0.185 to 0.313) | 0.615 | 0.262 (0.146 to 0.378) *** | <0.001 |
Age | 0.012 (−0.005 to 0.030) | 0.162 | 0.012 (−0.003 to 0.028) | 0.116 |
Gender (0/1) | 0.399 (−0.101 to 0.900) | 0.118 | 0.362 (−0.110 to 0.834) | 0.133 |
Education | ||||
Less than HS | 0.089 (−0.415 to 0.593) | 0.729 | −0.306 (−0.688 to 0.076) | 0.116 |
High school | 0.001 (−0.367 to 0.369) | 0.997 | 0.050 (−0.275 to 0.375) | 0.761 |
Some college | −0.082 (−0.386 to 0.223) | 0.599 | −0.161 (−0.458 to 0.136) | 0.288 |
BA+ (reference) | ||||
Income | ||||
Below 5 wan | 0.329 (−0.156 to 0.815) | 0.183 | 0.064 (−0.405 to 0.532) | 0.789 |
Between 6 and 10 wan | 0.032 (−0.416 to 0.480) | 0.888 | 0.004 (−0.440 to 0.448) | 0.986 |
Between 11 and 20 wan | 0.080 (−0.385 to 0.546) | 0.734 | −0.295 (−0.777 to 0.187) | 0.230 |
>20 wan (reference) | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | −0.091 (−0.641 to 0.459) | 0.745 | 0.254 (−0.227 to 0.736) | 0.300 |
Other (reference) | ||||
Having children (0/1) | 0.108 (−0.409 to 0.624) | 0.682 | 0.246 (−0.213 to 0.705) | 0.292 |
Average daily consumption of cigarettes | −0.252 (−0.422 to −0.082) ** | 0.004 | −0.072 (−0.228 to 0.085) | 0.368 |
Average waiting time of smoking first cigarette after waking up | 0.009 (−0.121 to 0.139) | 0.892 | 0.198 (0.076 to 0.321) ** | 0.002 |
Harming themselves | 0.166 (−0.033 to 0.366) | 0.102 | 0.241 (0.062 to 0.419) ** | 0.008 |
Harms on exposure to second-hand smoke | 0.095 (−0.100 to 0.290) | 0.337 | 0.159 (−0.012 to 0.330) † | 0.068 |
Adjusted R-square | 0.092 | 0.119 | ||
N | N = 390 | N = 464 |
Model 1 (Group 1 vs. 2) | Model 2 (Group 1 vs. 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient (Lower to Upper 95% CI) | p-Value | |
Group indicator | 0.178 (−0.085 to 0.440) | 0.185 | 0.166 (0.053 to 0.280) ** | 0.004 |
Age | 0.001 (−0.018 to 0.019) | 0.941 | 0.012 (−0.003 to 0.027) | 0.104 |
Gender (0/1) | 0.107 (−0.421 to 0.635) | 0.691 | 0.312 (−0.149 to 0.773) | 0.184 |
Education | ||||
Less than HS | 0.198 (−0.333 to 0.730) | 0.464 | −0.225 (−0.598 to 0.148) | 0.236 |
High school | 0.112 (−0.276 to 0.499) | 0.572 | −0.044 (−0.362 to 0.273) | 0.784 |
Some college | −0.143(−0.465 to 0.178) | 0.381 | −0.344 (−0.634 to −0.053) * | 0.020 |
BA+ (reference) | ||||
Income | ||||
Below 5 wan | 0.448 (−0.064 to 0.960) † | 0.086 | 0.006 (−0.453 to 0.464) | 0.981 |
Between 6 and 10 wan | 0.372 (−0.101 to 0.844) | 0.123 | −0.068 (−0.502 to 0.365) | 0.757 |
Between 11 and 20 wan | 0.156 (−0.335 to 0.648) | 0.532 | −0.430 (−0.902 to 0.041) † | 0.073 |
>20 wan (reference) | ||||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | −0.115 (−0.695 to 0.465) | 0.698 | −0.020 (−0.491 to 0.451) | 0.934 |
Other (reference) | ||||
Having children (0/1) | 0.064(−0.481 to 0.609) | 0.818 | 0.018 (−0.430 to 0.467) | 0.936 |
Average daily consumption of cigarettes | −0.140 (−0.319 to 0.039) | 0.124 | 0.052 (−0.101 to 0.205) | 0.507 |
Average waiting time of smoking first cigarette after waking up | 0.014(−0.123 to 0.151) | 0.839 | 0.181 (0.061 to 0.301) ** | 0.003 |
Harming themselves | 0.056(−0.154 to 0.267) | 0.601 | 0.159 (−0.015 to 0.333) † | 0.073 |
Harms on exposure to second-hand smoke | 0.170(−0.035 to 0.375) | 0.104 | 0.286 (0.119 to 0.453) *** | 0.001 |
Adjusted R-square | 0.055 | 0.123 | ||
N | N = 390 | N = 464 |
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Wang, L.; Yao, X.; Wang, G.; Du, K. Reactions to Pictorial and Text Cigarette Pack Warning Labels among Chinese Smokers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811253
Wang L, Yao X, Wang G, Du K. Reactions to Pictorial and Text Cigarette Pack Warning Labels among Chinese Smokers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811253
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Liu, Xi Yao, Gang Wang, and Kecheng Du. 2022. "Reactions to Pictorial and Text Cigarette Pack Warning Labels among Chinese Smokers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811253