Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Materials
2.3.1. Phonemic Verbal Fluency (PVF)
2.3.2. Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF)
2.3.3. Boston Naming Test (BNT)
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Calculation of Normative Data
3.2. Comparing Normative Data Sets (NEURONORMA-SABIEX)
4. Discussion
4.1. Verbal Fluency Tests
4.1.1. Semantic Verbal Fluency
4.1.2. Phonetic Verbal Fluency
4.2. Boston Naming Test
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 65.33 | 6.52 | 55–87 |
Education | 11.69 | 3.48 | 3–22 |
MMSE | 28.55 | 1.50 | 24–30 |
IADL | 7.99 | 0.09 | 7–8 |
GDS | 4.41 | 3.39 | 0–18 |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Anxiety | 19 | 16.1 |
Depression | 9 | 7.6 |
Epilepsy | 2 | 1.7 |
Stroke | 4 | 3.4 |
CVD | 14 | 11.9 |
Hypo/hyperthyroidism | 8 | 6.8 |
Cancer | 11 | 9.3 |
DM | 4 | 3.4 |
HBP | 16 | 13.6 |
TBI | 3 | 2.5 |
COPD | 1 | 0.8 |
RA | 2 | 1.7 |
Others | 19 | 16.1 |
Neuropsychological Measures | M | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
PVF “P” (n = 117) | 15.06 | 4.63 | 5–27 |
PVF “M” (n = 118) | 13.64 | 4.14 | 5–23 |
PVF “R” (n = 118) | 13.39 | 4.24 | 3–25 |
SVF (n = 118) | 20.34 | 5.42 | 10–38 |
BNT (n = 118) | 55.05 | 3.27 | 41–60 |
β | SE (β) | 95% CI | pcoeff | R2Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVF “P” | Intercept | 13.858 | 1.223 | 11.43–16.28 | <0.001 | |
EducationMin | 0.356 | 0.117 | 0.12–0.59 | 0.003 | ||
AgeMin | −0.184 | 0.062 | −0.31–−0.06 | 0.004 | 0.110 | |
PVF “M” | Intercept | 12.234 | 0.612 | 11.02–13.45 | <0.001 | |
EducationMin2 | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.005–0.027 | 0.005 | 0.058 | |
PVF “R” | Intercept | 12.347 | 1.124 | 10.12–14.57 | <0.001 | |
EducationMin2 | 0.298 | 0.108 | 0.08–0.51 | 0.007 | ||
AgeMin | −0.150 | 0.058 | 0.26–0.03 | 0.011 | 0.086 | |
SVF | Intercept | 23.414 | 0.878 | 21.68–25.15 | <0.001 | |
AgeMin | −0.298 | 0.072 | −0.44–−0.15 | <0.001 | 0.121 | |
BNT | Intercept | 54.675 | 0.879 | 52.92–56.40 | <0.001 | |
AgeMin | −0.110 | 0.045 | −0.20–−0.02 | 0.017 | ||
EducationMin | 0.176 | 0.085 | 0.008–0.34 | 0.040 | 0.058 |
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Iñesta, C.; Oltra-Cucarella, J.; Sitges-Maciá, E. Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811445
Iñesta C, Oltra-Cucarella J, Sitges-Maciá E. Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811445
Chicago/Turabian StyleIñesta, Clara, Javier Oltra-Cucarella, and Esther Sitges-Maciá. 2022. "Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811445