Association between Air Pollution and Squamous Cell Lung Cancer in South-Eastern Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Does gender affect its incidence?
- (2)
- What is the strength of this relationship with respect to each particular component of environmental pollution? If there is a link, does the environmental pollution map match the squamous cell carcinoma map?
- (3)
- What is the likelihood of developing a squamous cell carcinoma, given the intensity of the contamination?
- (4)
- What is the trend of the incidence of that cancer in the studied period (2004–2014)?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Lung Cancer Data
2.3. Pollution Data
2.4. Data Analysis
- (1)
- Year_diagnosis: year of cancer diagnosis;
- (2)
- Siks_km2: number of diagnosed persons with cancer per squared km;
- (3)
- SO2: sulphur dioxide;
- (4)
- NO2: nitrogen dioxide;
- (5)
- PM2.5: particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm;
- (6)
- PM10: particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm;
- (7)
- SO2NO2: interaction between SO2 and NO2;
- (8)
- SO2PM2.5: interaction between SO2 and PM2.5;
- (9)
- SO2PM10: interaction between SO2 and PM10;
- (10)
- NO2PM2.5: interaction between NO2 and PM2.5;
- (11)
- NO2PM10: interaction between NO2 and PM10;
- (12)
- PM2.5PM10: interaction between PM2.5 and PM10.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SO2 | NO2 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | 1.1326 (1.037–1.237) | 1.1548 (1.058–1.261) | 1.1201 (1.025–1.225) | 1.1476 (1.049–1.256) |
Men | 1.0136 (0.963–1.067) | 1.0202 (0.969–1.074) | 1.0227 (0.971–1.077) | 1.0360 (0.983–1.092) |
Total | 1.0360 (0.991–1.083) | 1.0462 (1.001–1.094) | 1.0397 (0.994–1.087) | 1.0563 (1.009–1.105) |
SO2 | NO2 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | 1.0949 (1.000–1.199) | 1.1022 (1.006–1.207) | 1.1529 (1.053–1.262) | 1.1742 (1.072–1.287) |
Men | 0.9245 (0.883–0.968) | 0.9182 (0.877–0.961) | 0.9412 (0.899–0.986) | 0.9613 (0.918–1.007) |
Total | 0.9648 (0.926–1.006) | 0.9618 (0.923–1.003) | 0.9895 (0.949–1.032) | 1.0092 (0.968–1.053) |
Rescaled | |||
---|---|---|---|
Component | |||
1 | 2 | 3 | |
NO2PM2.5 | 0.995 | 0.033 | 0.016 |
SO2 NO2 | 0.993 | 0.016 | 0.014 |
NO2 | 0.986 | 0.015 | 0.021 |
SO2 | 0.980 | 0.039 | 0.023 |
NO2PM10 | 0.976 | 0.017 | 0.012 |
Siks_km2 | 0.035756 | −0.001907 | 0.0272667 |
SO2PM2.5 | −0.019 | 0.967 | −0.002 |
PM2.5PM10 | −0.023 | 0.963 | −0.002 |
PM2.5 | −0.027 | 0.901 | −0.001 |
PM10 | 0.003 | 0.870 | 0.013 |
SO2PM10 | 0.129 | 0.750 | 0.007 |
Year diagnosis | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.9997061 |
Rescaled | |||
---|---|---|---|
Component | |||
1 | 2 | 3 | |
NO2PM2.5 | 0.994 | 0.030 | −0.025 |
SO2 NO2 | 0.993 | 0.013 | −0.028 |
NO2 | 0.987 | 0.012 | −0.021 |
SO2 | 0.980 | 0.036 | −0.017 |
NO2PM10 | 0.975 | 0.015 | −0.029 |
SO2PM2.5 | −0.015 | 0.966 | 0.045 |
PM2.5PM10 | −0.019 | 0.962 | 0.045 |
PM2.5 | −0.023 | 0.900 | 0.043 |
PM10 | 0.007 | 0.869 | 0.054 |
SO2PM10 | 0.132 | 0.749 | 0.037 |
Year diagnosis | 0.051 | −0.025 | 0.9984106 |
Siks_km2 | 0.0061416 | −0.008859 | −0.044846 |
Year Diagnosis | SO2 NO2 | NO2PM10 | |
---|---|---|---|
Women | 0.0223 | ||
p-value | <0.001 | ||
Men | −0.0175 | 0.0104 | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.0027 |
Number of Contaminated in a Centroid | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor of Contamination | NO2PM10 | NO2PM10 | NO2PM10 | NO2PM10 | NO2PM10 |
Average marginal effect | −0.0089 | 0.0086 | 0.0003 | 0.000019 | 0.000011 |
One Sigma_x: one unit of standard error of a concentration of 1 µg m−3 of NO2 times PM10 in µms measure units | 5.17 × 1022 | 5.17 × 1022 | 5.17 × 1022 | 5.17 × 1022 | 5.17 × 1022 |
Cancer onset average relative risk in Podkarpackie | 0.9328 | 0.0625 | 0.0043 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 |
Number of Contaminated in a Centroid | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6+ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor of Contamination | SO2 NO2 | Time | SO2 NO2 | Time | SO2 NO2 | Time | SO2 NO2 | Time | SO2NO2 | Time | SO2NO2 | Time | SO2 NO2 | Time |
Average marginal effect | 0 | 0 | −0.000781 | 0.001322 | 0.000497 | −0.000841 | 0.000207 | −0.000349 | 0.000052 | 0 | 0.000017 | −0.000028 | 0.000009 | −0.000016 |
One Sigma_x: one unit of standard error of a concentration of 1 µg m−3 of NO2 times PM10 in µm s measure units | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | 8.636 × 1047 | |||||||
Cancer onset average relative risk in Podkarpackie | 0.609506025 | 0.356412517 | 0.023710488 | 0.007954226 | 0.001691009 | 0.000483947 | 0.000241788 |
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Gawełko, J.; Cierpiał-Wolan, M.; Bwanakare, S.; Czarnota, M. Association between Air Pollution and Squamous Cell Lung Cancer in South-Eastern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811598
Gawełko J, Cierpiał-Wolan M, Bwanakare S, Czarnota M. Association between Air Pollution and Squamous Cell Lung Cancer in South-Eastern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811598
Chicago/Turabian StyleGawełko, Jan, Marek Cierpiał-Wolan, Second Bwanakare, and Michalina Czarnota. 2022. "Association between Air Pollution and Squamous Cell Lung Cancer in South-Eastern Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811598