Validation of the Korean Version of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. General Characteristics
2.3.2. Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale
2.3.3. Korean Version of the Professional Moral Courage Scale
2.3.4. Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire
2.3.5. Data Analysis
- Substantive Stage: Translation and Cross-cultural adaptation of NMCS
- Structural Stage: Internal Relations among subdomains of K-NMCS
- External stage: Relations among Constructs
2.3.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participants and Descriptive Statics
3.2. Structural Stage: Internal Relations among Subdomains of K-NMCS
- Construct validity of K-NMCS
- Reliability of K-NMCS
- Convergent and Discriminant Validity
3.3. External Stage: Relations among Constructs
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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K-NMCS Sub-Scale and Items | Factors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Loading | Communalities | ||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
III. Moral integrity | |||||
If someone else* acts professionally dishonestly (e.g., steals medication from the ward), I bring it up for discussion | 0.780 | 0.675 | |||
If someone else* tries to cover up an evident care mistake he/she has made, I bring it up for discussion | 0.748 | 0.667 | |||
I bring up for discussion an ethical problem situation that arises in nursing care even if someone else* wants to remain silent about it | 0.693 | 0.693 | |||
If someone else* acts unethically, I bring it up for discussion, even if I were to get negative feedback for it in my work community | 0.684 | 0.590 | |||
I. Compassion and true presence | |||||
Regardless of the care situation, I seek to create a genuine human encounter with the patient, even though a more superficial relationship would be easier for me | 0.837 | 0.725 | |||
I support a suffering patient by being truly present for him/her, even if it were to lead me to encounter my own inner fears | 0.740 | 0.676 | |||
Regardless of the care situation, I try to encounter each patient as a dignified human being, even if someone else were to disagree with my doing so | 0.535 | 0.669 | |||
II. Moral responsibility | |||||
I participate in the care team’s ethical decision-making regardless of someone else* disagreeing with the answer that I consider right | 0.828 | 0.800 | |||
I participate in the care team’s ethical decision making despite the fact that ethical problem situations often involve uncertainty as to the right answer | 0.810 | 0.785 | |||
IV. Commitment to good care | |||||
I do not compromise on my patient’s right to good care even though someone else* were to bully me into doing so | 0.635 | 0.658 | |||
I bring up for discussion the patient’s right to good care if someone else* compromises on adherence to the ethical principles of health care (human dignity, autonomy, justice, and justified care) | 0.599 | 0.684 | |||
If I observe evident shortcomings in someone else’s professional competence, I bring it up for discussion | 0.581 | 0.616 |
χ2 | df | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSEA | 95% CI | |||||
120.589 | 48 | <0.001 | 0.931 | 0.905 | 0.079 | 0.062–0.097 |
Subscale | SMC | AVE | CR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |||
Moral integrity (F1) | 1 | 0.702 | 0.904 | |||
Compassion and true presence (F2) | 0.4212 | 1 | 0.592 | 0.813 | ||
Moral responsibility (F3) | 0.3956 | 0.3881 | 1 | 0.769 | 0.869 | |
Commitment to good care (F4) | 0.7006 | 0.6273 | 0.4844 | 1 | 0.715 | 0.879 |
Mean | SD | K-NMCS | K-PMCS | K-MSQ | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K-NMCS | 3.26 | 0.52 | 1 | 0.872 | ||
K-PMCS | 4.75 | 0.73 | 0.679 *** | 1 | 0.916 | |
K-MSQ | 4.74 | 0.60 | 0.348 *** | 0.449 *** | 1 | 0.855 |
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Lee, B.; Oh, Y.; Lee, E.; Nam, K.A. Validation of the Korean Version of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811642
Lee B, Oh Y, Lee E, Nam KA. Validation of the Korean Version of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811642
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Boram, Younjae Oh, Eunhee Lee, and Kyoung A Nam. 2022. "Validation of the Korean Version of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811642