Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Study Design, Data Collection, and Sample Size
2.3. Research Instrument
2.4. Ethical Clearance
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations of Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number (n = 606) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Man | 115 | 19.0 |
Women | 491 | 81.0 |
Age | ||
<18 | 5 | 0.8 |
18–20 | 333 | 54.9 |
21–27 | 268 | 44.3 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 9 | 1.5 |
Single Name of Faculty Health Non-Health Domicile (in Province) Central Java | 597 182 424 331 | 98.5 30.0 70.0 54.6 |
East Kalimantan East Java West Java Jakarta Yogyakarta Central Kalimantan West Kalimantan Lampung Bali South Sumatera Papua Jambi South Kalimantan Nort Kalimantan West Nusa Tenggara Riau West Sumatera | 138 72 18 14 8 8 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 22.8 11.9 3.0 2.3 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 |
Variable | Level of MH Status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal N (%) | Score | Mild N (%) | Score | Moderate N (%) | Score | Severe N (%) | Score | Very Severe N (%) | Score | |
Depression | 255 (42.1) | 0–9 | 112 (18.5) | 10–13 | 148 (24.4) | 14–20 | 50 (8.3) | 21–27 | 41 (6.8) | 28–42 |
Anxiety | 149 (24.6) | 0–7 | 54 (8.9) | 8–9 | 208 (34.3) | 10–14 | 84 (13.9) | 15–19 | 111 (18.3) | 20–42 |
Stress | 163 (26.9) | 0–14 | 247 (40.8) | 15–18 | 128 (21.1) | 15–19 | 50 (8.3) | 26–33 | 18 (3.0) | 34–42 |
Domain | Questions | Respondent’s Answer | Median | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (%) | 1 (%) | 2 (%) | 3 (%) | |||
Depression | (Q3) I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all | 230 (38.0) | 305 (50.3) | 57 (9.4) | 14 (2.3) | 1.0 |
(Q5) I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things | 137 (22.6) | 336 (55.4) | 108 (17.8) | 25 (4.1) | 1.0 | |
(Q10) felt that I had nothing to look forward to | 224 (37.0) | 268 (44.2) | 83 (13.7) | 31 (5.1) | 1.0 | |
(Q13) I felt down-hearted and blue | 160 (26.4) | 318 (52.5) | 91 (15.0) | 37 (6.1) | 1.0 | |
(Q16) I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything | 204 (33.7) | 306 (50.5) | 66 (10.9) | 30 (5.0) | 1.0 | |
(Q17) I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person | 301 (49.7) | 211 (34.8) | 55 (9.1) | 39 (6.4) | 1.0 | |
(Q21) I felt that life was meaningless | 339 (55.9) | 178 (29.4) | 52 (8.6) | 37 (6.1) | 0.0 | |
Anxiety | (Q2) I was aware of dryness of my mouth | 204 (33.7) | 272 (44.9) | 102 (16.8) | 28 (4.6) | 1.0 |
(Q4) I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g., excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion) | 414 (68.3) | 147 (24.3) | 36 (5.9) | 9 (1.5) | 0.0 | |
(Q7) I experienced trembling (e.g., in the hands) | 258 (42.6) | 224 (37.0) | 89 (14.7) | 35 (5.8) | 1.0 | |
(Q9) I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself | 112 (18.5) | 249 (41.1) | 170 (28.1) | 75 (12.4) | 1.0 | |
(Q15) I felt I was close to panic | 123 (20.3) | 300 (49.5) | 130 (21.5) | 53 (8.7) | 1.0 | |
(Q19) I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g., sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat) | 316 (52.1) | 204 (33.7) | 66 (10.9) | 20 (3.3) | 0.0 | |
(Q20) I felt scared without any good reason | 209 (34.5) | 234 (38.6) | 111 (18.3) | 52 (8.6) | 1.0 | |
Stress | (Q1) I found it hard to wind down | 107 (17.7) | 351 (57.9) | 122 (20.1) | 26 (4.3) | 1.0 |
(Q6) I tended to over-react to situations | 129 (21.3) | 313 (51.7) | 125 (20.6) | 39 (6.4) | 1.0 | |
(Q8) I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy | 150 (24.8) | 282 (46.5) | 121 (20.0) | 53 (8.7) | 1.0 | |
(Q11) I found myself getting agitated | 112 (18.5) | 327 (54.0) | 121 (20.0) | 46 (7.6) | 1.0 | |
(Q12) I found it difficult to relax | 131 (21.6) | 327 (54.0) | 108 (17.8) | 40 (6.6) | 1.0 | |
(Q14) I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing | 101 (16.7) | 285 (47.0) | 163 (26.9) | 57 (9.4) | 1.0 | |
(Q18) I felt that I was rather touchy | 137 (22.6) | 297 (49.0) | 117 (19.3) | 55 (9.1) | 1.0 |
Domain | Number of Questions | Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor (<45) n (%) | Moderate (45–65) n (%) | Good (>65) n (%) | ||
Physical health | 7 | 36 (5.9) | 432 (71.3) | 138 (22.8) |
Psychological health | 6 | 353 (58.3) | 226 (37.3) | 27 (4.5) |
Social relationship | 3 | 83 (13.7) | 257 (42.4) | 266 (43.9) |
Environmental Health | 8 | 144 (23.8) | 428 (70.6) | 33 (5.4) |
Domain | Question | Respondent’s Answer (%) | Median | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Physical Health | (Q3) To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? | 5 (0.8) | 18 (3.0) | 119 (19.6) | 393 (64.9) | 71 (11.7) | 4.0 |
(Q4) How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your life? | 4 (0.7) | 8 (1.3) | 36 (5.9) | 235 (38.8) | 323 (53.3) | 5.0 | |
(Q10) Do you have enough energy for everyday life? | 85 (14.0) | 216 (35.6) | 267 (44.1) | 37 (6.1) | 1 (0.2) | 3.0 | |
(Q15) How well are you able to get around? | 9 (1.5) | 40 (6.6) | 474 (78.2) | 83 (13.7) | 0 (0) | 3.0 | |
(Q16) How satisfied are you with your sleep? | 23 (3.8) | 116 (19.1) | 215 (35.5) | 187 (30.9) | 65 (10.7) | 3.0 | |
(Q17) How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? | 11 (1.8) | 51 (8.4) | 299 (49.3) | 213 (35.1) | 32 (5.3) | 3.0 | |
(Q18) How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? | 10 (1.7) | 58 (9.6) | 267 (44.1) | 214 (35.3) | 57 (9.4) | 3.0 | |
Psychological | (Q5) How much do you enjoy life? | 121 (20.0) | 215 (35.5) | 232 (38.3) | 37 (6.1) | 1 (0.2) | 2.0 |
(Q6) To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? | 134 (22.1) | 244 (40.3) | 187 (30.9) | 40 (6.6) | 1 (0.2) | 2.0 | |
(Q7) How well are you able to concentrate? | 29 (4.8) | 242 (39.9) | 298 (49.2) | 37 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 3.0 | |
(Q11) Are you able to accept your bodily appearance? | 122 (20.1) | 237 (39.1) | 201 (33.2) | 46 (7.6) | 0 (0) | 2.0 | |
(Q19) How satisfied are you with yourself? | 14 (2.3) | 60 (9.9) | 191 (31.5) | 241 (39.8) | 100 (16.5) | 4.0 | |
(Q26) How often do you have negative feelings, such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression? | 18 (3.0) | 126 (20.8) | 224 (37.0) | 211 (34.8) | 27 (4.5) | 3.0 | |
Social Relationship | (Q20) How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? | 16 (2.6) | 70 (11.6) | 227 (37.5) | 251 (41.4) | 42 (6.9) | 3.0 |
(Q21) How satisfied are you with your sex life? | 9 (1.5) | 39 (6.4) | 374 (61.7) | 137 (22.6) | 47 (7.8) | 3.0 | |
(Q22) How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? | 5 (0.8) | 37 (6.1) | 227 (37.5) | 248 (40.9) | 89 (14.7) | 4.0 | |
Environment | (Q8) How safe do you feel in your daily life? | 68 (11.2) | 230 (38.0) | 262 (43.2) | 45 (7.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3.0 |
(Q9) How healthy is your physical environment? | 92 (15.2) | 219 (36.1) | 239 (39.4) | 55 (9.1) | 1 (0.2) | 2.0 | |
(Q12) Have you enough money to meet your needs? | 66 (10.9) | 203 (33.5) | 306 (50.5) | 31 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 3.0 | |
(Q13) How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? | 82 (13.5) | 256 (42.2) | 240 (39.6) | 27 (4.5) | 1 (0.2) | 2.0 | |
(Q14) To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities? | 40 (6.6) | 306 (50.5) | 233 (38.4) | 27 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 2.0 | |
(Q23) How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? | 4 (0.7) | 28 (4.6) | 174 (28.7) | 290 (47.9) | 110 (18.2) | 4.0 | |
(Q24) How satisfied are you with your access to health services? | 5 (0.8) | 26 (4.3) | 229 (37.8) | 285 (47.0) | 61 (10.1) | 4.0 | |
(Q25) How satisfied are you with your mode of transportation? | 2 (0.3) | 32 (5.3) | 207 (34.2) | 287 (47.4) | 78 (12.9) | 4.0 |
DASS-21 | WHOQOL-BREF | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relations | Environment | |||||||
Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | ||
Gender * | |||||||||||||||
Man | 115 | 9.76 ± 7.54 | 0.008 | 9.44 ± 6.38 | <0.001 | 12.83 ± 6.88 | <0.001 | 61.24 ± 9.78 | 0.024 | 43.05 ± 11.97 | 0.397 | 63.19 ± 17.66 | 0.100 | 48.78 ± 8.37 | 0.971 |
Woman | 491 | 12.35 ± 9.06 | 13.50 ± 8.09 | 16.87 ± 8.90 | 59.46 ± 9.58 | 41.99 ± 11.14 | 60.27 ± 15.43 | 49.18 ± 9.39 | |||||||
Age ** | |||||||||||||||
<18 | 5 | 11.60 ± 6.84 | 0.074 | 11.20 ± 4.15 | 0.176 | 16.80 ± 3.90 | 0.105 | 54.98 ± 4.78 | 0.082 | 40.09 ± 9.59 | 0.009 | 63.34 ± 20.04 | 0.929 | 44.52 ± 16.37 | 0.036 |
18–20 | 333 | 12.39 ± 8.50 | 13.19 ± 7.82 | 16.68 ± 8.34 | 60.40 ± 9.82 | 43.77 ± 12.26 | 60.38 ± 16.26 | 50.05 ± 9.93 | |||||||
>20 | 268 | 11.21 ± 9.28 | 12.19 ± 8.14 | 15.38 ± 9.15 | 59.14 ± 9.42 | 41.27 ± 9.71 | 61.32 ± 15.42 | 48.00 ± 7.89 | |||||||
Faculty * | |||||||||||||||
Health | 182 | 11.36 ± 8.38 | 0.641 | 12.76 ± 7.58 | 0.048 | 15.94 ± 8.70 | 0.239 | 58.52 ± 10.31 | 0.157 | 38.90 ± 9.78 | 0.463 | 60.76 ± 15.82 | 0.573 | 47.59 ± 7.99 | 0.663 |
Non-health | 424 | 10.84 ± 8.47 | 11.61 ± 7.92 | 14.92 ± 8.58 | 60.55 ± 8.97 | 39.83 ± 9.59 | 61.40 ± 15.73 | 47.50 ± 6.94 | |||||||
Marital status * | |||||||||||||||
Unmarried | 597 | 11.51 ± 8.83 | 0.145 | 12.74 ± 7.91 | 0.540 | 16.14 ± 8.67 | 0.427 | 59.77 ± 9.60 | 0.439 | 42.21 ± 11.32 | 0.889 | 60.68 ± 15.92 | 0.048 | 49.18 ± 9.22 | 0.056 |
Married | 9 | 8.67 ± 9.70 | 12.00 ± 10.82 | 13.78 ± 9.56 | 61.91 ± 12.12 | 41.20 ± 10.50 | 70.37 ± 11.85 | 43.74 ± 6.26 | |||||||
Family support * No Yes | 85 521 | 15.28 ± 8.95 11.56 ± 8.75 | <0.001 | 16.52 ± 8.68 12.25 ± 7.66 | <0.001 | 20.03 ± 8.60 15.66 ± 8.54 | <0.001 | 55.69 ± 11.86 60.31 ± 9.30 | 0.001 | 41.24 ± 12.34 42.28 ± 11.20 | 0.496 | 53.86 ± 19.09 61.48 ± 15.24 | 0.001 | 46.75 ± 9.66 49.54 ± 8.99 | 0.019 |
History of COVID-19 diagnosed * | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 83 | 13.86 ± 9.27 | 0.023 | 14.80 ± 9.65 | 0.055 | 17.47 ± 9.28 | 0.233 | 59.42 ± 11.26 | 0.870 | 41.62 ± 10.86 | 0.685 | 62.748 ± 15.80 | 0.153 | 49.75 ± 9.19 | 0.309 |
No | 523 | 11.54 ± 8.75 | 12.40 ± 7.60 | 15.88 ± 8.59 | 59.86 ± 9.36 | 42.28 ± 11.38 | 60.51 ± 15.91 | 48.99 ± 9.21 | |||||||
Family with COVID-19 diagnosed * | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 251 | 12.76 ± 9.08 | 0.031 | 13.47 ± 8.28 | 0.098 | 17.43 ± 8.79 | 0.001 | 58.98 ± 10.91 | 0.095 | 41.19 ± 10.77 | 0.053 | 60.29 ± 16.86 | 0.686 | 49.21 ± 9.37 | 0.776 |
No | 355 | 11.22 ± 8.64 | 12.21 ± 7.67 | 15.17 ± 8.52 | 60.38 ± 8.59 | 42.90 ± 11.63 | 61.20 ± 15.20 | 49.02 ± 9.09 | |||||||
Comorbid disease * | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 34 | 13.12 ± 8.39 | 0.241 | 15.18 ± 8.43 | 0.052 | 18.76 ± 9.09 | 0.096 | 56.42 ± 10.37 | 0.134 | 40.07 ± 8.95 | 0.270 | 57.35 ± 17.02 | 0.424 | 49.80 ± 9.92 | 0.489 |
No | 572 | 11.79 ± 8.88 | 12.58 ± 7.90 | 15.95 ± 8.66 | 60.00 ± 9.56 | 42.32 ± 11.42 | 61.03 ± 15.82 | 49.06 ± 9.16 | |||||||
Vaccination ** | |||||||||||||||
Never | 12 | 11.83 ± 10.11 | 0.283 | 12.00 ± 9.30 | 0.260 | 14.33 ± 9.60 | 0.081 | 59.22 ± 9.45 | 0.146 | 41.67 ± 12.81 | <0.001 | 56.95 ± 18.41 | 0.138 | 47.03 ± 8.18 | <0.001 |
1st | 50 | 11.12 ± 8.72 | 11.56 ± 6.77 | 14.24 ± 8.75 | 60.93 ± 8.90 | 39.58 ± 9.60 | 58.83 ± 14.42 | 47.15 ± 8.31 | |||||||
2nd | 449 | 11.86 ± 8.75 | 12.69 ± 7.93 | 16.16 ± 8.57 | 59.32 ± 9.60 | 40.66 ± 10.07 | 60.32 ± 15.71 | 48.08 ± 7.98 | |||||||
Booster | 63 | 13.81 ± 9.28 | 14.38 ± 8.21 | 18.25 ± 8.74 | 62.08 ± 11.25 | 54.96 ± 12.81 | 64.41 ± 17.79 | 59.24 ± 11.21 | |||||||
Headache * Yes No | 127 479 | 14.54 ± 8.82 11.15 ± 8.73 | <0.001 | 15.24 ± 7.71 12.06 ± 7.88 | <0.001 | 18.98 ± 8.12 15.34 ± 8.70 | <0.001 | 57.82 ± 10.49 60.32 ± 9.33 | 0.007 | 43.28 ± 11.57 41.90 ± 11.23 | 0.330 | 58.59 ± 17.28 61.41 ± 15.48 | 0.165 | 50.73 ± 9.94 48.67 ± 8.95 | 0.029 |
Fever * Yes no | 66 540 | 15.36 ± 9.46 11.43 ± 8.68 | 0.001 | 16.00 ± 8.56 12.33 ± 7.78 | 0.001 | 19.55 ± 8.99 15.69 ± 8.58 | 0.002 | 56.71 ± 11.50 60.18 ± 9.32 | 0.032 | 44.83 ± 12.21 41.87 ± 11.16 | 0.042 | 57.96 ± 19.03 61.17 ± 15.46 | 0.507 | 50.29 ± 11.03 48.96 ± 8.95 | 0.225 |
Cough * Yes No | 72 534 | 13.97 ± 10.27 11.58 ± 8.61 | 0.099 | 14.69 ± 9.08 12.46 ± 7.75 | 0.054 | 17.97 ± 9.47 15.85 ± 8.57 | 0.112 | 59.18 ± 11.41 59.88 ± 9.38 | 0.569 | 45.20 ± 13.11 41.79 ± 10.99 | 0.042 | 58.33 ± 19.02 61.16 ± 15.42 | 0.374 | 50.41 ± 10.97 48.93 ± 8.93 | 0.306 |
Itchy and Urticaria * Yes No | 39 567 | 15.38 ± 8.76 11.65 ± 8.81 | 0.007 | 15.64 ± 8.82 12.55 ± 7.86 | 0.029 | 19.33 ± 7.60015.92 ± 8.73 | 0.006 | 58.88 ± 9.23 59.88 ± 9.67 | 0.465 | 43.91 ± 10.68 42.10 ± 11.34 | 0.318 | 57.48 ± 17.91 61.05 ± 15.77 | 0.220 | 50.62 ± 10.73 48.99 ± 9.06 | 0.719 |
Diarrhoea *Yes No | 28 578 | 13.57 ± 10.80 11.76 ± 8.74 | 0.528 | 15.86 ± 8.73 12.53 ± 7.87 | 0.025 | 18.79 ± 9.83 15.97 ± 8.63 | 0.183 | 57.91 ± 11.05 59.87 ± 9.60 | 0.162 | 43.31 ± 12.49 42.13 ± 11.25 | 0.346 | 57.43 ± 11.64 60.97 ± 16.09 | 0.163 | 48.97 ± 9.94 49.11 ± 9.11 | 0.936 |
Myalgia * Yes No | 42 564 | 18.00 ± 11.98 11.42 ± 8.41 | 0.001 | 16.57 ± 10.81 12.42 ± 7.62 | 0.034 | 20.57 ± 10.5215.78 ± 8.47 | 0.005 | 58.07 ± 12.84 59.92 ± 9.37 | 0.585 | 41.27 ± 14.43 42.27 ± 11.03 | 0.538 | 57.54 ± 18.57 61.03 ± 15.68 | 0.320 | 50.37 ± 10.46 49.05 ± 9.07 | 0.442 |
Sore throat * Yes No | 49 557 | 17.74 ± 10.71 11.36 ± 8.50 | <0.001 | 17.48 ± 8.66 12.28 ± 7.75 | <0.001 | 21.26 ± 9.64 15.67 ± 8.49 | <0.001 | 55.51 ± 13.89 60.13 ± 9.16 | 0.029 | 43.66 ± 16.12 42.07 ± 10.82 | 0.358 | 53.91 ± 20.56 61.43 ± 15.27 | 0.025 | 50.21 ± 12.23 48.98 ± 8.83 | 0.483 |
Anosmia * Yes No | 14 592 | 15.29 ± 10.57 11.76 ± 8.79 | 0.208 | 13.86 ± 8.09 12.65 ± 7.94 | 0.597 | 18.43 ± 9.55 16.04 ± 8.69 | 0.537 | 55.35 ± 10.37 59.88 ± 9.64 | 0.055 | 40.49 ± 12.81 42.23 ± 11.27 | 0.511 | 58.33 ± 19.87 60.88 ± 15.81 | 0.919 | 48.61 ± 10.16 49.12 ± 9.13 | 0.770 |
Shortness of breath * Yes No | 21 585 | 14.70 ± 7.23 11.75 ± 8.88 | 0.043 | 12.30 ± 4.91 12.69 ± 8.03 | 0.853 | 18.70 ± 8.16 16.01 ± 8.72 | 0.140 | 56.44 ± 10.08 59.89 ± 9.65 | 0.149 | 43.14 ± 10.49 42.16 ± 11.34 | 0.495 | 55.00 ± 18.01 61.00 ± 15.83 | 0.139 | 48.54 ± 11.75 49.12 ± 9.11 | 0.486 |
Variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | |
Intercept | 38.622 | 4.586 | <0.001 | 33.865 | 4.524 | <0.001 | 36.299 | 4.632 | <0.001 |
Gender | 2.141 | 0.908 | 0.019 * | 3.819 | 0.922 | <0.001 * | 3.968 | 0.992 | <0.001 * |
Age | −0.318 | 0.711 | 0.655 | −0.885 | 0.727 | 0.224 | −1.298 | 0.778 | 0.096 |
Family support | −3.303 | 1.087 | 0.002 * | −4009 | 1.116 | <0.001 * | −3.749 | 1.200 | <0.002 * |
History of COVID-19 diagnosed | −2.278 | 1.016 | 0.025 * | −2.516 | 1.008 | 0.013 * | −0.907 | 1.161 | 0.435 |
Headache | −1.813 | 0.895 | 0.043 * | −1.648 | 0.892 | 0.065 | −2.751 | 0.860 | 0.241 |
Myalgia | −4.280 | 1.410 | 0.003 * | −2.338 | 1.374 | 0.090 | −3.988 | 1.444 | 0.006 * |
Sore throat | −4.280 | 1.323 | 0.001 * | −4.359 | 1.302 | 0.001 * | −4.993 | 1.393 | <0.001 * |
Fever | −1.283 | 1.260 | 0.309 | −1.729 | 1.391 | 0.182 | −2.400 | 1.379 | 0.082 |
Cough | 1.254 | 1.303 | 0.337 | 1.595 | 1.350 | 0.238 | 2.389 | 2.389 | 0.097 |
Variables | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relations | Environment | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | |
Intercept | 42.556 | 5.426 | <0.001 | 32.467 | 4.765 | <0.001 | 11.314 | 9.683 | <0.001 | 33.438 | 3.654 | <0.001 |
Age | −1.874 | 0.923 | 0.043 * | −1.837 | 0.913 | 0.045 * | −0.330 | 1.573 | 0.834 | −3.248 | 0.869 | 0.056 |
Family support | 3.968 | 1.420 | 0.005 * | 0.986 | 4.563 | 0.573 | 7.674 | 2.001 | <0.001 * | 2.897 | 1.117 | 0.010 * |
Family with COVID-19 diagnosed | 1.055 | 0.938 | 0.261 | 2.169 | 0.919 | 0.019 * | 2.088 | 1.402 | 0.137 | 0.401 | 0.786 | 0.611 |
Vaccination status | 0.754 | 0.870 | 0.386 | 5.454 | 0.875 | <0.001 * | 3.183 | 1.239 | 0.010 * | 4.602 | 0.703 | <0.001 * |
Headache | 1.952 | 0.999 | 0.051 | −1.985 | 1.463 | 0.175 | 0.039 | 2.020 | 0.985 | −2.023 | 1.046 | 0.054 |
Sore throat | 3.955 | 1.634 | 0.016 * | 1.365 | 2.249 | 0.544 | 7.379 | 2.378 | 0.002 * | 0.892 | 1.780 | 0.617 |
Cough | −2.451 | 1.764 | 0.165 | −2.939 | 1.404 | 0.037 * | −2.979 | 2.910 | 0.307 | −1.999 | 1.669 | 0.231 |
Fever | 2.799 | 1.317 | 0.545 | −1.393 | 1.627 | 0.392 | 0.354 | 2.297 | 0.878 | 0.006 | 1.579 | 0.997 |
Mental Health | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relationship | Environmental Health | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | Sig 2 | r | Sig 2 | r | Sig 2 | r | Sig 2 | |
Depression | −0.393 | <0.001 * | −0.161 | <0.001 * | −0.400 | <0.001 * | −0.040 | 0.325 |
Anxiety | −0.345 | <0.001 * | −0.127 | 0.002 * | −0.242 | <0.001 * | −0.013 | 0.756 |
Stress | −0.375 | <0.001 * | −0.179 | <0.001 * | −0.307 | <0.001 * | −0.045 | 0.273 |
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Karuniawati, H.; Sari, N.; Hossain, M.S.; Ismail, W.I.; Haq, A.H.B.; Yulianti, T.; Taufik, T.; Sudarsono, G.R. Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912011
Karuniawati H, Sari N, Hossain MS, Ismail WI, Haq AHB, Yulianti T, Taufik T, Sudarsono GR. Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912011
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaruniawati, Hidayah, Nila Sari, Md. Sanower Hossain, Wan Ismahanisa Ismail, Aniq Hudiyah Bil Haq, Tri Yulianti, Taufik Taufik, and Gardhika Rizky Sudarsono. 2022. "Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912011