The “Transparency for Safety” Triangle: Developing a Smart Transparency Framework to Achieve a Safety Learning Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How can health and safety information exchange between stakeholders be mapped on a general level? (Location of risk, health and safety information flows, stakeholders, internal/external, flow mapping, see Section 3.1).
- Which aspects can play a role in this exchange of information in practice? (Flaws, transparency definition, see Section 3.2; organizations and societal merit, see Section 3.3; stakeholder perspectives, true safety, benefits, see Section 3.4).
- Which best practices currently exist? (See Section 3.5).
- Are all types of safety being considered? (e.g., real, audited, perceived, true, and regulated safety, see Section 3.1, Section 3.4 and Section 3.7).
- How can such sharing be embedded in safety culture? (Emerging challenges, TEAM model extension, see Section 3.6 and Section 3.7).
- What can be said about moving towards a learning health and safety community of practice? (See Section 3.8).
- Which standards are considered relevant to the cause of transparency in safety information? (See Section 3.9).
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Location of Information Flows
3.1.1. Types of Risks
3.1.2. Stakeholders
3.1.3. Internal Safety Information Flows
3.1.4. External Safety Information Flows
3.2. Information Exchange in Practice
3.2.1. Flaws in Information Flow
3.2.2. Transparency
3.3. Moving Up the Societal Merit Ladder
3.4. Different Stakeholder Perspectives
3.4.1. People’s Transparency Need
3.4.2. The Governmental Transparency Balance
3.4.3. Organizations
3.4.4. In Pursuit of True Safety
3.4.5. Benefits from Transparency
3.5. Best Practices
- Intermediate organization
- Indicators
- Safety culture
- Sharing information
- Cooperation
- Communication
- External verification
- Learning for safety
3.6. Emerging Challenges in Safety Culture
- -
- -
- Trust, being earned by an organization in society, is of key importance. However, the term trust, as it is currently mentioned in the TEAM safety culture model, uses the phrase “Trust in the organization” in the perceptual factors area, and only applies to employees.
- -
- The term transparency is currently placed between brackets in the TEAM model in the perceptual factors area, while its applicability is confined to internal communication between management and employees inside the organization. Using “transparency as perceived” would be more appropriate here. The impact of transparency on safety as perceived outside an organization in society is not included in the TEAM model, however.
- -
- The TEAM model currently only describes communication health and safety inside an organization, where it mentions “transparency and open communication about safety” [16] (p. 332). Moreover, external communication about risk, health and safety are important, however.
- -
- Assessing the organizations’ societal merit, e.g., by using a CSR performance ranking scale or a newly developed societal merit ladder, is not mentioned in the TEAM model.
- -
- A system for knowledge sharing about health and safety outside an organization is currently not indicated in the TEAM model, although the term knowledge, applicable only to employees, is mentioned in the personal psychological factors area.
- -
- Proactive organizational learning about health and safety, together with external stakeholders in a learning safety community, is also currently not included in the TEAM model.
- -
- Making use of a safety information broker for safety information exchange is not mentioned in the TEAM model. Gathering information and measurement results about process and about safety and sharing this with the broker is advised.
- -
- Measurement of safety culture inside the organization can be undertaken, e.g., via in-depth interviews, document analysis, observations and questionnaires. Measurement of the performance in the societal domain can be conducted outside the organization in society, e.g., by authorities, local communities and monitoring of shared information at a safety information broker. Together, the combined measurement results indicate the state of true safety and of the participation in a learning safety community.
3.7. TEAM Safety Culture Model Extension
3.8. Towards a Learning Safety Community
3.9. Standards Relevant to Transparency in Safety Information
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Practical Applications
4.3. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lindhout, P.; Reniers, G. The “Transparency for Safety” Triangle: Developing a Smart Transparency Framework to Achieve a Safety Learning Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912037
Lindhout P, Reniers G. The “Transparency for Safety” Triangle: Developing a Smart Transparency Framework to Achieve a Safety Learning Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912037
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindhout, Paul, and Genserik Reniers. 2022. "The “Transparency for Safety” Triangle: Developing a Smart Transparency Framework to Achieve a Safety Learning Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912037