Effects of Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention on Cognitive Function, Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Yangsaeng of Community-Dwelling Elderly
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Conceptual Framework
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention
2.3. Measures
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Participants and Homogeneity
3.2. Homogeneity on Study Variables before the Intervention
3.3. Effects of Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Korean Statistical Information Service. Population in Old Ages; Korean Statistical Information Service: Seoul, Korea, 2021.
- Song, M.S.; Lee, E.J.; Yang, N.Y. Effects of health promotion program on physical fitness and quality of life of elderly women receiving home visiting health care services. J. Muscle Jt. Health 2021, 28, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Lanza, G.; Centonze, S.S.; Destro, G.; Vella, V.; Bellomo, M.; Pennisi, M.; Bella, R.; Ciavardelli, D. Shiatsu as an adjuvant therapy for depression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot study. Complement. Ther. Med. 2018, 38, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, S.A.; Lavretsky, H. Emerging complementary and integrative therapies for geriatric mental health. Curr. Treat. Options Psychiatry 2020, 7, 447–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sok, S.R.; Kim, S.; Jeong, D.U.; Cho, Y. Effects of Yangsaeng (health management) therapy for Korean older adults in nursing home. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cho, Y.M.; Ryu, M.H.; Jeoung, D.U.; Sok, S.H. Effects of oriental nursing intervention program for health promotion of the elderly in the community. J. Korea Contents Assoc. 2020, 20, 394–404. [Google Scholar]
- Shin, H.S.; Sok, S.R.; Yoo, J.H.; Im, Y.J.; Jang, M.H.; Jang, A.K.; Hwang, J.I. Understanding and Practice in Oriental Nursing: Kyung Hee University, College of Nursing Science; Su Moon Sa Press: Seoul, Korea, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ahn, J.H. Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Function, Depression, Sleep in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; Kangwon National University: Chuncheon-si, Korea, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Jung, H.J. The Effects of Square-Stepping Exercise on Cognitive and Physical Exercise Function of Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment; Ewha Womans University: Seoul, Korea, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, N.H. Effect of Satisfaction with Exercise Program and Exercise Immersion Experience on Life Satisfaction in Elderly Leisure Welfare Facilities; Kongjun National University: Gongju-si, Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, M.K. A conceptual analysis of Korean elders’ Yangseng in nursing. J. Korean Acad. Community Health Nurs. 2019, 30, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, H.W.; Jang, T.Y. A meta-analysis of the effect of planned exercise on their self-efficacy, depression, life satisfaction. J. Digit. Converg. 2018, 16, 293–298. [Google Scholar]
- Department of Preventive Medicine, National College of Oriental Medicine. Yangseng Medicine (Oriental Preventive Medicine); Gechuk Munwhasa: Seoul, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, C.; Lim, B.; Park, H.; Jung, M.; Hwang, G.; Shin, Y.; Go, S.; Jang, B.; Lee, H.; Lee, Y.; et al. The New Category System of Yangseng for Korean Medicine. J. Orient. Med. Prevent. 2015, 19, 23–33. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.S.; Sok, S.R. A study on Yangsaeng (health management) of Korean older adults by 4 constitution types. Holist. Nurs. Pract. 2012, 26, 317–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, K.O.; Oh, M.J. Effects of stroke prevention education program of oriental nursing on self-health perception change, health behavior change, self-care and physiological index of adult and elderly people. J. Korea Acad.-Ind. Coop. Soc. 2019, 20, 111–120. [Google Scholar]
- Park, H.K.; Won, Y.S. Possibility of using ‘K-Yangseng Gymnastics’ as a ‘Healthy 100 Years Exercise Class’ program. J. Korean Phys. Edu. Assoc. Girls Women 2020, 34, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, D.H. Effects of Qigong Therapy on Psychological Well-Being, Health, Sleep, and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in the Community; Kyung Hee University: Seoul, Korea, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Yeom, S.L. Effects of PNF Stretching and Acupressure Massage on the Range of Motion and Muscle Activity of Brain Injured Persons; Korea National Sport University: Seoul, Korea, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.K.; Choi, H.W.; Woo, W.H. A prediction model on Korean medicine health promotion behavior in late adulthood-elderly. J. Orient. Med. Prevent. 2015, 19, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S. Effects and Development of Yangseng Program for Elderly Living in Community; Kyung Hee University: Seoul, Korea, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Pender, N. Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 3rd ed.; Appleton & Lange: Stanford, CT, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, S.J.; Shim, M.S.; Cha, N.H.; Choi, I.H.; Park, S.U.; Lim, M.R.; Kim, H.G. Community Health Nursing; Hyun Mun Sa: Seoul, Korea, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, J.L.; Kim, B.I.; Park, K.S.; Yang, K.H.; Yoo, J.H.; Jeoung, E.S.; Hwang, M.H. Epidemiology and Health Promotion; Su Mun Sa: Seoul, Korea, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Bunchner, A. G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.S.; Baik, Y.S. The effects of exercise cognition education program to chronic disease of community-dwelling older adults. J. Korea Sport Soc. 2018, 16, 85–94. [Google Scholar]
- Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975, 12, 189–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kweon, O.; Park, J. Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) Part I: Developement of the test for the elderly. J. Korean Neuropsychiatry Assoc. 1989, 28, 125–135. Available online: http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/searchDetail.laf?barcode=4050026226610 (accessed on 16 February 2022).
- Kim, C.H.; Park, Y.K.; Shin, H.C.; Won, J.W.; Cho, B.L.; Song, S.U.; Yun, Y.H.; Jeong, S.P. The development of a Korean health status measure for the elderly. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2002, 23, 440–457. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, S.J. A study on the development of measuring scale of the concept of life. Korea Cult. Res. Instit. 1986, 49, 233–258. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, A.J. Development of a tool in measuring Yangsaeng. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2004, 34, 729–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diamond, B.; Johnson, S.; Torsney, K.; Morodan, J.; Prokop, B.; Davidek, D.; Kramer, P. Complementary and alternative medicines in the treatment of dementia: An evidence-based review. Drugs Aging 2003, 20, 981–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, K.S.; Jeong, H.Y.; Kim, Y.H. The effects of Qi-gong exercise on the health of the elderly-with respect to the physical health status, the fear of falling, balance efficacy, and Hwa-Byung. J. Orient. Neuropsychiatry 2016, 27, 207–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, E.K.; Park, H.K. Effects of auricular acupressure therapy on musculoskeletal pain, depression and sleep of the elderly in long-term care facilities. J. Korean Acad. Community Health Nurs. 2018, 29, 133–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, M.K.; Sok, S.R. Predictors of Yangsaeng (health management) among Korean middle-aged adults. Holist. Nurs. Pract. 2018, 32, 210–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phase | Order (Time) | Contents |
---|---|---|
Start phase | Greeting (5 min) | Ice breaking and explanation of the process |
Training phase | Health education (10 min) | Oriental medicine health education: nutrition, sleep, activity & rest, exercise, mind health, environment, safety, and longevity (one topic for each week). |
Qigong mthod (8 Paldangum: Stage 1-8 ) (20 min) | - Stage 1: Two hands hold up the heavens - Stage 2: Drawing the bow to shoot the eagle - Stage 3: Separate heaven and earth - Stage 4: Wise owl gazes backwards or look back - Stage 5: Stay the head and shake the tail - Stage 6: Two hands hold the feet to strengthen the kidneys and waist - Stage 7: Clench the fists and glare fiercely (or angrily) - Stage 8: Lifting up the heels | |
Acupressure method (20 min) | Meridian acupressure around the eyes, ears, nose, cheek, and whole face. | |
Ending phase | Wrap up (5 min) | Summary of the lesson and farewells statements |
Characteristics | Intervention Group (n = 37) | Control Group (n = 37) | χ2/t (p) |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | |||
Gender | 0.99 (0.457) | ||
Male | 10 (27.0) | 14 (37.8) | |
Female | 27 (73.0) | 23 (62.2) | |
Age | 1.24 (0.748) | ||
65~69 | 7 (18.9) | 8 (21.6) | |
70~74 | 10 (27.0) | 8 (21.6) | |
75~79 | 16 (43.2) | 14 (37.8) | |
80≤ | 4 (10.8) | 7 (18.9) | |
Education | 0.67 † (0.946) | ||
None | 4 (10.8) | 4 (10.8) | |
Elementary school | 10 (27.0) | 12 (32.4) | |
Middle school | 16 (43.2) | 13 (35.1) | |
High school | 7 (18.9) | 8 (21.6) | |
Marital status | 2.62 † (0.231) | ||
single | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.7) | |
married | 26 (70.3) | 20 (54.1) | |
widowed | 11 (29.7) | 16 (43.2) | |
Living with | 1.60 (0.458) | ||
Alone | 8 (21.6) | 9 (24.3) | |
Spouse | 22 (59.5) | 17 (45.9) | |
With son or daughter | 7 (18.9) | 11 (29.7) | |
Religion | 0.61 † (0.961) | ||
Protestant | 21 (56.8) | 22 (59.5) | |
Catholicism | 9 (24.3) | 7 (18.9) | |
Buddhist | 5 (13.5) | 5 (13.5) | |
None | 2 (5.4) | 3 (8.1) | |
Chronic disease (frequency) | - (1.000) | ||
Yes | 33 (89.2) | 33 (89.2) | |
No | 4 (10.8) | 4 (10.8) | |
Drinking | 0.107 (1.000) | ||
Yes | 31 (83.8) | 32 (86.5) | |
No | 6 (16.2) | 5 (13.5) | |
Smoking | 0.08 (1.000) | ||
Yes | 8 (21.6) | 9 (24.3%) | |
No | 29 (78.4) | 28 (75.7%) | |
Exercise | 0.37 † (1.000) | ||
Regular | 6 (16.2) | 7 (18.9) | |
Sometimes | 30 (81.1) | 29 (78.4) | |
None | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | |
Participation in dementia prevention program | 0.08 (1.000) | ||
Yes | 8 (21.6) | 7 (18.9) | |
No | 29 (78.4) | 30 (81.1) |
Variables | Intervention Group (n = 37) Mean ± SD | Control Group (n = 37) Mean ± SD | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive function | 26.32 ± 1.87 | 26.68 ± 2.06 | −0.77 | 0.445 |
Health status | 54.24 ± 10.35 | 56.68 ± 11.89 | −0.94 | 0.351 |
Life satisfaction | 34.51 ± 4.79 | 33.16 ± 4.54 | 1.25 | 0.217 |
Yangsaeng | 84.84 ± 7.69 | 87.46 ± 7.56 | −1.48 | 0.143 |
Variables | Group | Pre | Post | Difference | Source | F (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean (SE) | |||||
Cognitive function | Intervention (n = 37) | 26.32 ± 1.87 | 26.81 ± 2.01 | 0.49 (0.32) | Group | 0.25 (0.616) |
Time | 0.13 (0.724) | |||||
Control (n = 37) | 26.68 ± 2.06 | 26.03 ± 2.40 | −0.65 (0.32) | G×T | 6.18 (0.015 *) | |
Health status | Intervention (n = 37) | 54.24 ± 10.35 | 79.22 ± 3.82 | 24.97 (1.41) | Group | 25.26 (<0.001 *) |
Time | 142.81 (<0.001 *) | |||||
Control (n = 37) | 56.68 ± 11.89 | 55.51 ± 11.90 | −1.16 (1.41) | G×T | 172.05 (<0.001 *) | |
Life satisfaction | Intervention (n = 37) | 34.51 ± 4.79 | 40.51 ± 11.24 | 6.00 (1.79) | Group | 13.87 (<0.001 *) |
Time | 7.18 (0.009) | |||||
Control (n = 37) | 33.16 ± 4.54 | 33.95 ± 5.68 | 0.78 (1.79) | G×T | 4.25 (0.043 *) | |
Yangsaeng | Intervention (n = 37) | 84.84 ± 7.69 | 121.24 ± 3.44 | 36.41 (1.39) | Group | 509.25 (<0.001 *) |
Time | 168.67 (<0.001 *) | |||||
Control (n = 37) | 87.46 ± 7.56 | 76.51 ± 2.72 | −10.95 (1.39) | G×T | 583.45 (<0.001 *) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sok, S.; Kim, S.; Shin, E.; Kim, M.; Cho, Y. Effects of Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention on Cognitive Function, Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Yangsaeng of Community-Dwelling Elderly. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912113
Sok S, Kim S, Shin E, Kim M, Cho Y. Effects of Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention on Cognitive Function, Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Yangsaeng of Community-Dwelling Elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912113
Chicago/Turabian StyleSok, Sohyune, Seyoon Kim, Eunyoung Shin, Myeongshin Kim, and Youngmi Cho. 2022. "Effects of Multicomponent Oriental Integrative Intervention on Cognitive Function, Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Yangsaeng of Community-Dwelling Elderly" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912113