Tools to Measure Health Literacy among Adult Hispanic Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Summary of Literature
3.1. Direct Measurements
3.2. Indirect Measurements
3.3. Studies Overview
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurements | Questions | Time (min) | Instrument Focus | Scoring |
---|---|---|---|---|
Literacy Tools | ||||
Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) [16,17,21,23,25,26,28,31,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] | 36 | 7 | Reading comprehension | Questions scored 0 or 1 based on correctness, partial correct answers are scored as incorrect. Scores presented as mean raw score (0–36) or score scale; 0–16: Inadequate, 17–22: Marginal, 0–22: Limited/Low, and 23–36: Adequate. |
Numeracy Tools | ||||
Wide Range Arithmetic Test (WRAT-4) [44,45] | 55 | 20 | Arithmetic computation | Questions scored 0 or 1 based on correctness then scores are converted into standard scores, percentiles, and grade equivalents based on provided materials. Scores presented as mean standardized score, percentiles, or math-grade equivalent; 4th grade or less, 5th–7th grade, and 8th–12th grade |
Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT)-15 Latino [44,45] | 15 | 23 | Diabetes-specific Arithmetic computation | Questions scored 0 or 1 based on correctness, partial correct answers are scored as incorrect. Scores presented as percent correct (0–100%). |
Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT)-5 [17,43] | 5 | 11 | Diabetes-specific Arithmetic computation | Questions scored 0 or 1 based on correctness, partial correct answers are scored as incorrect. Scores presented as percent correct (0–100%). |
Combined Literacy and Numeracy Tools | ||||
Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) [27,46] | 50 (HL *) 17 (N **) | 22 | Reading comprehension and numeracy test | Sum of the two sections added together. Numerical questions are weighted to equal 50 total points. Scores presented as mean raw score (0–100) or score scale; 0–59: Inadequate, 60–74: Marginal, and 75–100: Adequate. |
Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) [19,20] | 36 (HL *) 4 (N **) | 12 | Reading comprehension and numeracy test | Questions scored 0 or 1 based on correctness, partial correct answers are scored as incorrect. Scores presented as mean raw score (0–100) or score scale; 0–53: Inadequate 54–66: Marginal, and 67–100: Adequate. |
Health Literacy Assessment Using Talking Touchscreen Technology (Health LiTT) [24,47] | 12 (HL *) 2 (N **) | 18 | Reading comprehension and numeracy test | Responses to multiple choice questions are either added together or IRT-based Bayesian expected a posteriori estimation response pattern was conducted. Scores presented as mean raw score or t score. |
Measurements | Questions | Timing | Instrument Focus | Scoring Calculation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Literacy Tool | ||||
Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS) [15,17,22,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] | 3 | 1.5 min | Self-reported HL skills | Responses to 5-point Likert scale questions added together. Scores presented as mean scores (3–15) or % of population with Low-moderate HL |
Numeracy Tool | ||||
Subjective Numeracy Scale (SNS) [17,22] | 8 | 2 min | Self-reported numeracy skills | Responses to 6-point Likert scale questions added together. Scores presented as mean raw score (8–48) or mean response answer (1–6). |
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Standage-Beier, C.S.; Ziller, S.G.; Bakhshi, B.; Parra, O.D.; Mandarino, L.J.; Kohler, L.N.; Coletta, D.K. Tools to Measure Health Literacy among Adult Hispanic Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912551
Standage-Beier CS, Ziller SG, Bakhshi B, Parra OD, Mandarino LJ, Kohler LN, Coletta DK. Tools to Measure Health Literacy among Adult Hispanic Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912551
Chicago/Turabian StyleStandage-Beier, Carrie S., Shelby G. Ziller, Bahar Bakhshi, Oscar D. Parra, Lawrence J. Mandarino, Lindsay N. Kohler, and Dawn K. Coletta. 2022. "Tools to Measure Health Literacy among Adult Hispanic Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912551