Air Pollution in Poland: A 2022 Narrative Review with Focus on Respiratory Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
3. International Perspective on Air Pollution
4. General and Respiratory Disease Hospitalization and Mortality Rates
5. Children
5.1. Spirometry Outcomes
5.2. Respiratory and Allergic Symptoms
5.3. Traffic Zone Proximity
6. Adults
6.1. Spirometry Outcomes
6.2. Bronchitis
6.3. Asthma
6.4. Atopy
6.5. Rhinitis
6.6. Lung Cancer
6.7. Traffic Zone Proximity
7. COVID-19 Pandemic
7.1. National Lockdown in 2020 in Poland
7.2. COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates
8. Social Awareness of Air Pollution in Poland
9. Limitations and Future Perspectives
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 |
PM10 | Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or smaller |
PM2.5 | Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller |
NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide |
NOx | Nitrogen oxides |
SO2 | Sulfur dioxide |
1-OHP | 1-hydroxypirene |
WHO | World Health Organisation |
RR | Relative risk |
OR | Odds ratio |
CI | Confidence interval |
IQR | Interquartile range |
DALYs | Disability-adjusted life-years |
PAH | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
FEV1 | Forced expiratory volume in one second |
FVC | Forced vital capacity |
MV | Minute ventilation |
Ap | Apnoea |
IRV | Inspiratory reserve volume |
References
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Nazar, W.; Niedoszytko, M. Air Pollution in Poland: A 2022 Narrative Review with Focus on Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020895
Nazar W, Niedoszytko M. Air Pollution in Poland: A 2022 Narrative Review with Focus on Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020895
Chicago/Turabian StyleNazar, Wojciech, and Marek Niedoszytko. 2022. "Air Pollution in Poland: A 2022 Narrative Review with Focus on Respiratory Diseases" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020895