Use of Hand Creams during the Period of Frequent Disinfection in COVID-19 Pandemic—Preference Survey and Evaluation of Mercury Contamination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Preference Questionnaire
2.3. Materials
2.4. Methods
2.5. Evaluation of Chronic Exposure to Hg
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | n (%) |
---|---|
Woman | 168 (91.3) |
Man | 16 (8.7) |
Place of residence | |
city up to 10,000 residents | 88 (47.9) |
city from 10 to 50 thousand residents | 20 (10.7) |
city with 50 to 100 thousand residents | 18 (9.8) |
city with over 100,000 residents | 58 (31.6) |
Social group | |
Student | 86 (46.7) |
worker | 35 (19.0) |
white-collar worker | 57 (31.0) |
unemployed | 6 (3.3) |
retired pensioner | 0 (0.0) |
Division According to the Main Ingredient | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Categories | n | Av. ± SD (µg/kg) | Min–Max (µg/kg) | Med (µg/kg) | Q1–Q3 (µg/kg) |
oils | 56 (40.0) | 5.993 ± 6.506 | <dl–34.340 | 3.954 | 1.177–9.438 |
glycerin | 8 (5.7) | 5.705 ± 6.226 | 0.586–20.017 | 3.842 | 2.190–6.486 |
vitamins | 6 (4.3) | 8.635 ± 15.792 | 0.192–40.227 | 1.042 | 0.745–8.561 |
plant extracts | 48 (34.3) | 6.834 ± 13.897 | 0.151–86.921 | 3.491 | 0.843–5.700 |
bee products | 7 (5.0) | 9.317 ± 8.926 | 1.256–27.457 | 6.087 | 3.114–13.377 |
thermal water | 3 (2.1) | 3.823 ± 2.254 | 1.234–5.355 | 4.879 | 1.234–5.355 |
other | 12 (8.6) | 7.957 ± 8.663 | 0.118–33.507 | 6.977 | 3.572–8.593 |
Division according to the main action | |||||
moisturizing | 49 (35.0) | 7.863 ± 13.564 | 0.239–86.921 | 4.744 | 1.161–7.482 |
regenerating | 29 (20.7) | 4.765 ± 4.502 | 0.118–15.318 | 3.404 | 1.064–7.215 |
caring | 5 (3.6) | 15.603 ± 16.927 | 0.745–40.227 | 11.058 | 1.060–24.864 |
protective | 7 (5.0) | 7.445 ± 11.976 | 0.8778–34.340 | 3.763 | 1.192–5.488 |
nourishing | 26 (18.6) | 5.770 ± 8.424 | <dl–44.470 | 3.934 | 2.434–5.835 |
smoothing | 14 (10.0) | 5.023 ± 4.199 | 0.151–13.377 | 4.294 | 1.256–6.354 |
soothing | 3 (2.1) | 7.407 ± 3.825 | 3.054–10.231 | 8.936 | 3.054–10.231 |
other # | 7 (5.0) | 5.299 ± 7.038 | 0.192–20.017 | 1.979 | 0.812–7.669 |
Division according to the country of origin | |||||
China | 10 (7.1) | 18.173 ± 25.404 | 1.979–86.921 | 8.568 | 5.333–20.026 |
Estonia | 5 (3.6) | 9.682 ± 19.466 | 0.305–44.470 | 0.809 | 0.394–2.434 |
Finland | 12 (8.6) | 5.476 ± 5.529 | 0.558–20.017 | 3.737 | 2.217–7.316 |
France | 11 (7.9) | 4.698 ± 5.097 | 0.118–18.949 | 4.434 | 1.003–5.104 |
Germany | 9 (6.4) | 3.929 ± 3.433 | 0.192–10.884 | 3.054 | 2.458–5.488 |
Poland | 73 (52.2) | 5.503 ± 6.598 | <dl–40.227 | 3.855 | 1.161–7.669 |
USA | 3 (2.1) | 6.916 ± 6.638 | 0.270–13.545 | 6.934 | 0.270–13.545 |
Great Britain | 10 (7.1) | 6.509 ± 10.191 | 0.151–34.340 | 3.448 | 1.192–5.279 |
Other | 7 (5.0) | 8.966 ± 9.852 | 0.468–24.924 | 7.078 | 0.622–20.458 |
Division according to the volume | |||||
up to 50 mL | 64 (45.7) | 7.512 ± 12.356 | 0.151–86.921 | 4.490 | 1.241–7.738 |
up to 100 mL | 72 (51.4) | 5.702 ± 7.686 | <dl–44.470 | 3.483 | 1.078–7.349 |
up to 150 mL | 4 (2.9) | 10.470 ± 11.600 | 2.559–27.457 | 5.932 | 3.054–17.886 |
Division according to the price | |||||
low | 85 (60.7) | 6.860 ± 11.431 | <dl–86.921 | 3.895 | 1.161–7.154 |
average | 36 (25.7) | 5.816 ± 7.295 | 0.305–40.227 | 3.804 | 1.149–7.280 |
high | 19 (13.6) | 7.410 ± 9.154 | 0.269–34.340 | 4.657 | 1.479–7.215 |
Total | 140 (100.0) | 6.666 ± 10.173 | <dl–86.921 | 4.067 | 1.177–7.576 |
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Puścion-Jakubik, A.; Pienkiewicz, M.; Steckiewicz, K.; Stypułkowska, A.; Grabia, M.; Bielecka, J.; Markiewicz-Żukowska, R.; Socha, K. Use of Hand Creams during the Period of Frequent Disinfection in COVID-19 Pandemic—Preference Survey and Evaluation of Mercury Contamination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013025
Puścion-Jakubik A, Pienkiewicz M, Steckiewicz K, Stypułkowska A, Grabia M, Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. Use of Hand Creams during the Period of Frequent Disinfection in COVID-19 Pandemic—Preference Survey and Evaluation of Mercury Contamination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013025
Chicago/Turabian StylePuścion-Jakubik, Anna, Monika Pienkiewicz, Karolina Steckiewicz, Aleksandra Stypułkowska, Monika Grabia, Joanna Bielecka, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska, and Katarzyna Socha. 2022. "Use of Hand Creams during the Period of Frequent Disinfection in COVID-19 Pandemic—Preference Survey and Evaluation of Mercury Contamination" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013025