Burnout, Social Comparison Orientation and the Responses to Social Comparison among Teachers in The Netherlands
Abstract
:1. General Introduction
1.1. Social Comparison under Stress
1.2. Social Comparison Orientation
2. Materials and Methods: Study 1
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
- Items measuring upward identification were [13]:
“When I see teachers who are functioning better than I am, I realize that it is possible to improve”;“When I meet teachers who are performing better than I am, it makes me happy because I realize that it is possible for me to improve”;“When I think of teachers who are functioning better than I am, I have hope that my performance will improve”.
- Items measuring upward contrast were:
“When I see teachers who are doing better than I am, I find it threatening to notice that I am doing not so well”;“When I think of teachers who are functioning better than I am, I feel frustrated about my own performance”;“When I meet teachers who are doing better than I am, I sometimes feel depressed because I realize that I am not doing so well”.
- Items measuring downward identification were:
“When I see teachers who are doing worse than I am, I experience fear that my performance will decline”;“When I meet teachers who are performing worse than I am, I am sometimes afraid that my future will be similar”;“When I think of teachers who are doing worse than I am, I am sometimes afraid that I will go the same way”.
- Items measuring downward contrast were:
“When I see teachers who are functioning worse than I am, I am happy that I am doing so well myself”;“When I think of teachers who are functioning worse than I am, I feel relieved about my own performance”;“When I meet teachers who are performing worse than I am, I realize how well I am doing”.
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results: Study 1
4. Introduction: Study 2
5. Materials and Methods: Study 2
5.1. Participants and Procedure
5.2. Measures
5.3. Data Analysis
6. Results: Study 2
6.1. Affective Responses
6.2. Identification–Contrast
7. Discussion
7.1. Burnout
7.2. Identification and Contrast
7.3. Social Comparison Orientation
7.4. Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Upward Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Identification | Contrast | |||
R2 | B | R2 | B | |
Step 1: Main effects | 0.09 ** | 0.33 ** | ||
Burnout | −0.17 * | 0.39 ** | ||
SCO | 0.28 ** | 0.35 ** | ||
Step 2: Interaction effect | 0.04 * | 0.02 * | ||
Burnout × SCO | −0.17 * | 0.13 * |
Downward Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Contrast | Identification | |||
R2 | B | R2 | B | |
Step 1: Main effects | 0.12 ** | 0.16 ** | ||
Burnout | 0.02 | 0.24 ** | ||
SCO | 0.34 ** | 0.26 ** | ||
Step 2: Interaction effect | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
Burnout × SCO | −0.01 | 0.08 |
Positive Affect | Negative Affect | Identification–Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | B | R2 | B | R2 | B | |
Step 1: Main effects | 0.43 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.44 ** | |||
Burnout | −0.17 * | 0.22 ** | −0.08 | |||
SCO | 0.12 * | 0.05 | 0.10 | |||
Direction | 0.64 ** | −0.59 ** | 0.66 ** | |||
Step 2: Two-way interactions | 0.04 ** | 0.00 | 0.11 ** | |||
Burnout × SCO | −0.12 * | −0.06 | −0.04 | |||
Burnout × direction | −0.15 ** | 0.06 | −0.33 ** | |||
SCO × direction | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |||
Step 3: Three-way interaction | 0.01 * | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Burnout × SCO × direction | −0.11 * | 0.10 | −0.03 |
Upward Comparison | Downward Comparison | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Affect | Negative Affect | Positive Affect | Negative Affect | |||||
R2 | B | R2 | B | R2 | B | R2 | B | |
Step 1: Main effects | 0.48 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.02 | 0.04 | ||||
Identification–contrast | 0.73 ** | −0.33 ** | 0.08 | −0.31 | ||||
SCO | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.08 | ||||
Step 2: Interaction effect | 0.03 * | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Identification–contrast × SCO | 0.18 * | −0.11 | 0.03 | −0.01 |
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Buunk, A.P.; Brenninkmeijer, V. Burnout, Social Comparison Orientation and the Responses to Social Comparison among Teachers in The Netherlands. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013139
Buunk AP, Brenninkmeijer V. Burnout, Social Comparison Orientation and the Responses to Social Comparison among Teachers in The Netherlands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013139
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuunk, Abraham Pieter, and Veerle Brenninkmeijer. 2022. "Burnout, Social Comparison Orientation and the Responses to Social Comparison among Teachers in The Netherlands" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013139