Revealing Public Opinion towards the COVID-19 Vaccine with Weibo Data in China: BertFDA-Based Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- How do we use the deep learning algorithm to capture the profound semantic and emotional information behind the microblog posts more accurately?
- (2)
- How do we construct an intrinsic function to describe the dynamic characteristics of emotional evolution?
- (3)
- What quantitative measurements can be used to assess the continuity and popularity of topics?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sentiment Analysis
2.2. Functional Data Analysis
3. Method
3.1. LDA Topic Extraction Optimization Model
3.2. Sentiment Analysis Based on Bert
3.3. FDA Modeling
3.4. BertFDA Framework for Public Opinion Analysis
4. Result
4.1. Data Extraction and Preprocessing
4.2. Tracking Topic over Time
4.3. Tracking Sentiment over Time
4.4. Sentiment Prediction Based on Machine Learning Method
4.4.1. Evaluation Criteria for Prediction Accuracy
4.4.2. Experiment and Analysis
4.4.3. Predicting Sentiment over Time
5. Discussion
5.1. Principal Findings
5.2. Limitations and Future Work
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Time Unit | Topic ID | Topic Feature Words | Topic Label |
---|---|---|---|
23 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 | 1-1 | Zhejiang, antibody, first batch, animal, experiment | The first batch of vaccines has successfully induced antibody production and entered the stage of animal test. |
1-2 | Treatment, plasma, antibody, clinical, rehabilitation | Clinical trail was conducted with the initial batch of plasma. | |
1-3 | Research, drug, isolate, screening, virus strain | The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention takes the lead in isolating the viral strain across the world. | |
1-4 | China, speak, come on, Wuhan, hope | Blessings of Wuhan, China. | |
1-5 | Research and development, advancement, route, fastest, technology | The progress of China’s COVID-19 vaccine research and development. | |
1-6 | Enterprises, cases, jobs, increase, counties and districts | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
24 February 2020 to 23 March 2020 | 2-1 | Research and development, recombinant, academician, Wei Chen, clinical trial | The recombinant COVID-19 vaccine developed by Wei Chen’s team has been approved to clinical trials. |
2-2 | Volunteer, injection, human body, experiment, first batch | The human injection experiment for China’s COVID-19 vaccine has begun. | |
2-3 | Work, country, test, fight the epidemic, patient | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
2-4 | China, cases, confirmed, country | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
2-5 | United States, infection, global, United Kingdom | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
24 March 2020 to 23 April 2020 | 3-1 | Volunteer, Vaccination, Wuhan, Wei Chen, Phase II, Clinical Trial, Approved | Volunteers in Wuhan got the COVID-19 vaccine and took part in the phase II of clinical trials. |
3-2 | Global, country, China, cases, confirmed | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
3-3 | Animal, research, primate, clinical trial | China has announced the results of the world’s first non-human primate vaccine for the COVID-19. | |
24 April 2020 to 23 May 2020 | 4-1 | United States, Trump, epidemic, president, White House | Trump claimed to have brought the White House epidemic under control. |
4-2 | Antibody, report, clinical trial, no, adverse reaction | Effect of Chinese vaccine in phase II clinical trial. | |
4-3 | China, clinical trial, Phase II, research, team, experiment, animal | The phase II clinical trial of China’s vaccine research and availability has begun. | |
4-4 | U.S. stocks, rally, market, index | United States stock market | |
24 May 2020 to 23 June 2020 | 5-1 | WHO, confirmed, trial, increase, United States | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
5-2 | Inactivated vaccine, antibody, biological, China, Phase II | China has approved two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines of China-Biotics for emergency use. | |
5-3 | Market, United States, index, raising limit | United States stock market. | |
24 June 2020 to 23 July 2020 | 6-1 | United States, Trump, WHO, global, epidemic | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
6-2 | Sinopharm, first, clinical trial, Phase III, overseas | Sinopharm is the first company outside of China to begin Phase III clinical trials of a COVID-19 vaccine. | |
6-3 | Clinical trial, Wei Chen, Lancet, Antibody, Phase I | The results of phase I clinical trial of COVID-19 vaccine were published in the lancet. | |
6-4 | China, clinical trials, Phase II, Wei Chen, specificity | Phase II clinical trial of recombinant new crown vaccine in China. | |
6-5 | Production, global, workshop, Wuhan, project, completion | The world’s only COVID-19 vaccine laboratory and production workshop complex completed in Wuhan. | |
6-6 | Sinovac, inactivated vaccine, China, Wuhan, emergency | A COVID-19 vaccine by China’s Sinovac Biotech has been approved for emergency use. | |
6-7 | Mask, United States, Compulsory | The US government issued a “mask injunction.” | |
6-8 | Market, gold, dollar, index, rise, crude oil | United States stock market. | |
24 July 2020 to 23 August 2020 | 7-1 | Russia, Vladimir Putin, country, registered | Russia registered the first Covid-19 vaccine. |
7-2 | Market, gold, economy, dollar, risk | United States stock market. | |
7-3 | United States, Trump, response, Fauci | Fauci responds to Trump. | |
7-4 | Listing, forecast, month-end, price, Sinopharm | Sinopharm said the COVID-19 vaccine would ready for market by the end of December. | |
7-5 | Cases, strains, confirmed, India | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
7-6 | World Health Organization (WHO), global, end, unity | The WHO hopes to end the COVID-19 epidemic within two years. | |
24 August 2020 to 23 September 2020 | 8-1 | China, inactivated vaccine, emergency, United Arab Emirates (UAE) | The UAE urgently approves the use of Chinese COVID-19 vaccine. |
8-2 | United States, Trump, experiment, delay | Trump, without evidence, accuses FDA of delaying coronavirus. | |
8-3 | Country, China, stability, relationship, Suga Yoshihide | Suga Yoshihide said stable ties with China were important. | |
8-4 | China, vaccine, certification, WHO, effective | WHO chief scientist said China’s new crown vaccine has been proven effective. | |
24 September 2020 to 23 October 2020 | 9-1 | Adverse Reactions, Phase III, Clinical Trials, Reports, Ministry of Science and Technology | Four vaccines in China have entered phase III clinical trials, with no serious adverse reactions so far. |
9-2 | Influenza vaccine, WHO, recommendations | Influenza vaccination is recommended for five groups by the WHO. | |
9-3 | China, Brazil, plan, volunteer | Brazilians volunteered to receive the COVID-19 vaccine from China. | |
9-4 | Zhejiang, Shaoxing, emergency, object, reservation | Vaccine emergency vaccination registration opens in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China. | |
24 October 2020 to 23 November 2020 | 10-1 | United States, Trump, Melania, confirmed, White House | Trump and Melania test positive. |
10-2 | Pfizer, company, Research and development, United States, effectiveness, clinical trials | Pfizer announced that the COVID-19 vaccine offers 90% protection. | |
10-3 | Gold, market, dollar, rebound, index, shock | United States stock market. | |
10-4 | Occurrence, mutation, Denmark, alert | COVID-19 mutation in Denmark. | |
10-5 | China, Research and development, Brazil, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, progress | China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides an overview of vaccine research and development. | |
24 November 2020 to 23 December 2020 | 11-1 | United States, United Kingdom, years old, vaccination, Pfizer | 90-year-old British woman becomes first person in world to receive Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. |
11-2 | Production, workshop, China, Lay a Foundation, first | Groundbreaking ceremony for China’s first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine production workshop. | |
11-3 | Confirmation, increase, accumulation, death, test | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
11-4 | United Kingdom, COVID-19, market, South Africa, infection, London | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
11-5 | Adverse reaction, suggestion, crowd, emergency, response | The Chinese government has reacted to the adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccination. | |
24 December 2020 to 23 January 2021 | 12-1 | United Kingdom, mutations, cases, deaths | COVID-19 variants identified in the UK. |
12-2 | Prevention and control, test, infection, asymptomatic, nucleic acid | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
12-3 | Virus, China, protection, antibody, immunity | The Chinese government is promoting the COVID-19 vaccine to the general public. | |
12-4 | China, economy, global, rumors, United States, Biden | The media in the US claims that China is using the opportunity to expand power. | |
12-5 | Vaccination, crowd, emphasis, work, reservation | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | |
24 January 2021 to 23 February 2021 | 13-1 | Country, China, global, plan, provide, cooperation | China delivers vaccines to a number of countries in an effort to boost global anti-epidemic cooperation. |
13-2 | Clinical trials, emergency, approval, inactivated vaccines | China urgently approves clinical trials of 16 COVID-19 vaccines. | |
13-3 | United States, global, cases, deaths, confirmed | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
13-4 | China, first batch, arrival, aid, Sinopharm, Sinovac, Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe receives its first batch of COVID-19 vaccines from China. | |
13-5 | Emergency, Spring Festival, Prevention and Control, Vehicles, Health QR Code | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
24 February 2021 to 23 March 2021 | 14-1 | Research and development, China, virus, urgent, approved | China approved a recombinant protein subunit vaccine against COVID-19 for emergency use. |
14-2 | Country, China, dialogue, cooperation, United States | China-U.S. high-level strategic dialogue. | |
14-3 | AstraZeneca, infection, research, United Kingdom, antibody | AstraZeneca vaccine causes adverse event. | |
14-4 | Hong Kong, Carrie Lam, citizens, vaccination, encouragement | Hong Kong’s Chief Executive encourages citizens to get vaccinated against the coronavirus. | |
14-5 | United States, economy, market, gold | United States stock market. | |
14-6 | Confirmed, cases, increase, United States, cumulative, death | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
14-7 | China, vaccine, arrival, Sinovac, Colombia | New batch of Chinese vaccines arrives in Colombia. | |
14-8 | Crowd, Phase III, Adverse Reaction, Effectiveness, Situation | Phase III Clinical Trial of a China Vaccine’s Effect. | |
24 March 2021 to 23 April 2021 | 15-1 | Thrombosis, Johnson & Johnson, million doses, Europe, delivery | The Johnson & Johnson Vaccine and Blood Clots. |
15-2 | Immunity, mutation, antibody, infection, disease, advice | The Chinese government is promoting the COVID-19 vaccine to the general public. | |
15-3 | India, confirmed, increase, test, infection, nucleic acid | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
15-4 | Global, America, forum, economy, development, Asia | The report of Boao Forum for Asia. | |
15-5 | Vaccine, COVID-19, Vaccination, talk, pain | China’s vaccination reaction. | |
15-6 | Vaccination, epidemic, reservation, Health QR Code | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | |
24 April 2021 to 23 May 2021 | 16-1 | Vaccination, Health QR Code, prevention and control | Vaccination in China’s provinces. |
16-2 | India, China, mutation, United States, virus, country | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
16-3 | China, cumulative, ten thousand doses, cases, increase, reports | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | |
16-4 | test, prevention and control, nucleic acid, mask, personnel, district | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
16-5 | Company, biology, market, sector, report | Pharmaceutical biology company annual report of China. | |
24 May 2021 to 23 June 2021 | 17-1 | Vaccination, dose, first, reservation | Vaccination in China’s provinces. |
17-2 | Mutation, strain, spread, India, delta | Delta variant. | |
17-3 | test, diagnosis, nucleic acid, prevention and control | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
24 June 2021 to 23 July 2021 | 18-1 | Mutation, infection, strain, delta, expert | The delta mutation is spreading. |
18-2 | China, inactivated vaccine, approved, biological, Sinopharm | China approves emergency use of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines for 3-17 age group. | |
18-3 | Prevention and control, test, Health QR Code, nucleic acid, vaccination, district | Vaccination in China’s provinces. | |
18-4 | United States, cases, confirmed, epidemic, increase, United Kingdom | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
18-5 | Vaccination, crowd, age, virus, country | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | |
24 July 2021 to 23 August 2021 | 19-1 | Vaccine, China, Fight the epidemic, epidemic, doctor, injection | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. |
19-2 | Prevention and control, personnel, test, Health QR Code, nucleic acid, implementation | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
19-3 | Virus, United States, infection, mutation, delta, case | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
19-4 | Cases, confirmed diagnosis, test, nucleic acid, quarantine, overseas, increase, local | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
19-5 | Vaccination, virus, age, crowd, student | China to start vaccinating children to age 3. | |
24 August 2021 to 23 September 2021 | 20-1 | Vaccination, number, virus, age, cumulative, number of times | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. |
20-2 | Mutation, inactivated vaccine, population, delta | The delta mutation is spreading. | |
20-3 | United States, infection, virus, Denmark | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
20-4 | United States, veto, strengthen, plan, Pfizer | FDA advisers reject Biden’s plan to offer Pfizer boosters for all. | |
20-5 | Prevention and control, nucleic acid, test, quarantine, Health QR Code, personnel, masks | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
24 September 2021 to 23 October 2021 | 21-1 | Prevention and control, nucleic acid, test, Health QR Code, vaccination | Vaccination in China’s provinces. |
21-2 | United States, epidemic, death, infection | Global development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic. | |
21-3 | Virus, booster immunization, crowd, start, focus | China launch booster shots for key groups. | |
21-4 | Confirmed, cases, increase, accumulation, quarantine, infect, test, positive | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. | |
24 October 2021 to 23 November 2021 | 22-1 | accumulation, Million doses, Autonomous Region | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. |
22-2 | Prevention and control, students, orderly, school, Health QR Code | China to start vaccinating children to age 3. | |
22-3 | Prevention and control, nucleic acid, test, mask, Health QR Code | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
22-4 | age, injection, children, immunization | Vaccination of Chinese children. | |
22-5 | China, global, inhaled, research and development, antibody | World’s first inhaled COVID-19 vaccine introduced in China. | |
24 November 2021 to 23 December 2021 | 23-1 | Cases, prevention and control, confirmed, increase, nucleic acid | Development trend of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. |
23-2 | Vaccination, vaccine, injection, elderly, work, number of times | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | |
23-3 | China, vaccine, country, global, America, billion doses | COVID-19 vaccination doses around the world. | |
23-4 | Vaccine, Omicron, virus, mutation, strain, infection, America | The Omicron mutation is spreading. | |
23-5 | Masks, prevention and control, vaccination, health, region, measure | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | |
24 December 2021 to 23 January 2022 | 24-1 | Epidemic, prevention and control, nucleic acid, test, vaccination, Health QR Code, work, street | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. |
24-2 | Vaccine, Novak Djokovic, tennis, international, global, rejection, crisis | Djokovic in controversy for not being vaccinated against Covid-19. | |
24-3 | Vaccine, vaccination, doses, virus, age, third, immunity, Wenhong Zhang | Wenhong Zhang calls for strengthening the immune barrier. | |
24-4 | Vaccine, infection, Omicron, cases, epidemic, mutation, America, virus, vaccination | The Omicron mutation is spreading. |
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Support Vaccine | Topic Totals, n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Topic 1 | Sinovac says COVID-19 vaccine can trigger immune response in children. | 233,533 (11.9) |
Topic 2 | Positive energy blessing about COVID-19. | 192,321 (9.8) |
Topic 3 | Vaccines prevent severe disease from Omicron. | 123,635 (6.3) |
Topic 4 | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | 107,935 (5.5) |
Topic 5 | Global development trend of the COVID-19. | 70,648 (3.6) |
Topic 6 | COVID-19 vaccination doses in China. | 49,061 (2.5) |
Vaccine Hesitant | Topic Totals, n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Topic 7 | Global transmission of new coronavirus mutation. | 62,268 (16.1) |
Topic 8 | COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 3–11 years in China. | 33,009 (8.4) |
Topic 9 | Stock markets in China and the United States fluctuated during the epidemic. | 18,076 (4.6) |
Topic 10 | Rumors about the COVID-19 vaccine. | 11,396 (2.9) |
Topic 11 | Epidemic prevention and control policies in China’s provinces. | 5501 (1.4) |
Topic 12 | The sequelae of COVID-19 and side effects of vaccine. | 4322 (1.1) |
Model | MAE | MSE | RMSE | MdE |
---|---|---|---|---|
AR | 0.0393 | 0.0024 | 0.0490 | 0.0331 |
SVR | 0.0294 | 0.0014 | 0.0376 | 0.0243 |
RF | 0.0376 | 0.0022 | 0.0472 | 0.0309 |
GBDT | 0.0361 | 0.0021 | 0.0463 | 0.0306 |
Adaboost | 0.0320 | 0.0017 | 0.0410 | 0.0268 |
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Zhu, J.; Weng, F.; Zhuang, M.; Lu, X.; Tan, X.; Lin, S.; Zhang, R. Revealing Public Opinion towards the COVID-19 Vaccine with Weibo Data in China: BertFDA-Based Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013248
Zhu J, Weng F, Zhuang M, Lu X, Tan X, Lin S, Zhang R. Revealing Public Opinion towards the COVID-19 Vaccine with Weibo Data in China: BertFDA-Based Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013248
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Jianping, Futian Weng, Muni Zhuang, Xin Lu, Xu Tan, Songjie Lin, and Ruoyi Zhang. 2022. "Revealing Public Opinion towards the COVID-19 Vaccine with Weibo Data in China: BertFDA-Based Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013248