Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Type and Sample
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Data Collection Tools
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of this Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | % | Knowledge Score | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | ||||
Age (Years) | |||||
18–19 | 184 | 27.1 | 4.46 | 2.13 | 0.002 * |
20–24 | 448 | 65.9 | 5.08 | 2.27 | |
More than 25 | 48 | 7.0 | 5.71 | 2.19 | |
Academic year | |||||
First Year | 161 | 23.7 | 4.26 | 2.26 | 0.363 * |
Second Year | 122 | 17.9 | 4.53 | 2.14 | |
Third Year | 107 | 15.7 | 4.96 | 1.99 | |
Fourth Year and Above | 290 | 42.6 | 5.50 | 2.22 | |
College | |||||
College of Science | 56 | 8.2 | 4.68 | 2.17 | 0.00 * |
Health related colleges | 330 | 48.5 | 5.68 | 1.99 | |
College of Arts and Human Sciences | 43 | 6.3 | 3.67 | 2.04 | |
College of Business | 53 | 7.8 | 4.00 | 2.27 | |
College of Education | 24 | 3.5 | 4.38 | 2.39 | |
Engineering and Technology | 46 | 6.8 | 4.11 | 2.27 | |
Computer and IT | 54 | 7.9 | 4.44 | 2.27 | |
Law and Islamic regulations | 21 | 3.1 | 4.38 | 1.60 | |
Preliminary Year | 53 | 7.8 | 4.42 | 2.53 | |
Region | |||||
Middle Region | 90 | 13.2 | 5.10 | 2.31 | 0.001 * |
Eastern Region | 33 | 4.9 | 4.97 | 1.86 | |
Western Region | 134 | 19.7 | 4.59 | 2.32 | |
Southern Region | 392 | 57.6 | 5.00 | 2.22 | |
Northern Region | 31 | 4.6 | 5.39 | 2.23 | |
Residency | |||||
Urban | 468 | 68.8 | 4.83 | 2.25 | 0.044 ** |
Rural | 212 | 31.2 | 5.21 | 2.18 | |
Family history | |||||
Yes | 66 | 9.7 | 5.59 | 2.08 | 0.162 ** |
No | 614 | 90.3 | 4.88 | 2.25 | |
Family member or friend experienced BC | |||||
Yes | 161 | 23.7 | 5.29 | 2.13 | 0.068 ** |
No | 519 | 76.3 | 4.85 | 2.26 | |
Previously diagnosed with BC | |||||
Yes | 2 | 0.3 | 4.50 | 0.71 | NA |
No | 678 | 99.7 | 4.95 | 2.24 | |
BSE intention | |||||
No | 151 | 22.2 | 3.68 | 2.36 | 0.000 ** |
Yes | 529 | 77.8 | 5.31 | 2.07 | |
Difference when talking about BC | |||||
A great deal | 520 | 76.5 | 5.24 | 2.07 | 0.00 * |
Some difference | 62 | 9.1 | 4.79 | 2.27 | |
Little or no difference at all | 14 | 2.1 | 5.00 | 2.54 | |
Don’t know | 84 | 12.4 | 3.26 | 2.44 | |
Total | 680 | 100 | 4.95 | 2.24 |
Variables | N | % |
---|---|---|
Most breast lumps are found by | ||
Women themselves (Correct) | 379 | 55.7 |
Physician | 41 | 6.0 |
Mammography | 151 | 22.2 |
I don’t know | 109 | 16.0 |
If you are postmenopausal, how often should you do breast self-examination? | ||
Once every one month (Correct) | 165 | 24.3 |
Once every three months | 262 | 38.5 |
I don’t know | 253 | 37.2 |
When feeling (palpating) the breast, you should: | ||
Use the pads of your fingers (Correct) | 155 | 22.8 |
Use the tips of your fingers | 364 | 53.5 |
Don’t know | 161 | 23.7 |
Abnormal breast change | ||
Discharge | 4 | 0.6 |
Lump, hard knot, or thickening | 84 | 12.4 |
Dimpling of skin | 8 | 1.2 |
All of the above (Correct) | 492 | 72.4 |
None of the above | 5 | 0.7 |
Don’t know | 87 | 12.8 |
At what age should a woman begin breast self-examination? | ||
20 (Correct) | 333 | 49.0 |
30 | 105 | 15.4 |
35 | 115 | 16.9 |
Don’t know | 127 | 18.7 |
HBM Constructs | No of Items | Min | Max | Mean (SD) | BSE Intention Mean (SD) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||||
Perceived Susceptibility | 6 | 1 | 5 | 2.22 (0.73) | 2.23 (0.70) | 2.17 (0.83) | 0.234 |
Perceived Severity | 12 | 1 | 5 | 2.23 (0.73) | 2.22 (0.71) | 2.29 (0.81) | 0.299 |
Perceived Benefits | 11 | 1 | 5 | 3.19 (0.90) | 3.25 (0.87) | 3.01 (0.98) | 0.003 |
Perceived Barriers | 17 | 1 | 5 | 2.36 (0.67) | 2.32 (0.66) | 2.50 (0.71) | 0.002 |
Cues to Action | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2.51 (0.70) | 2.52 (0.69) | 2.48 (0.79) | 0.525 |
Self-Efficacy | 12 | 1 | 5 | 2.29 (0.74) | 2.36 (0.74) | 2.05 (0.69) | 0.000 |
Knowledge Score | Perc Susceptibility | Perc Severity | Perc Benefits | Perc Barriers | Cues to Actio | Self-Efficacy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge score | 1.000 | −0.054 | −0.038 | −0.112 ** | −0.141 ** | −0.002 | 0.176 ** |
Perc susceptibility | 1.000 | 0.507 ** | 0.067 | 0.320 ** | 0.124 ** | 0.238 ** | |
Perc severity | 1.000 | 0.121 ** | 0.509 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.251 ** | ||
Perc benefits | 1.000 | 0.181 ** | 0.226 ** | 0.160 ** | |||
Perc barriers | 1.000 | 0.198 ** | 0.163 ** | ||||
Cues to action | 1.000 | 0.426 ** | |||||
Self-efficacy | 1.000 |
Variables | p-Value | Adjusted OR | 95% C.I. for OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years) | ||||
18–19 (ref) | ||||
20–24 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 1.14 |
More than 25 | 0.55 | 0.74 | 0.28 | 1.97 |
Academic Level | ||||
First Year (ref) | ||||
Second Year | 0.36 | 1.36 | 0.71 | 2.61 |
Third Year | 0.36 | 1.43 | 0.67 | 3.04 |
Fourth Year and Above | 0.21 | 1.57 | 0.78 | 3.15 |
Region | ||||
Middle Region (ref) | ||||
Eastern Region | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.26 | 1.80 |
Western Region | 0.46 | 1.31 | 0.64 | 2.65 |
Southern Region | 0.74 | 1.11 | 0.61 | 2.03 |
Northern Region | 0.58 | 1.40 | 0.43 | 4.52 |
College | ||||
Non-medical colleges (ref) | ||||
Medical colleges | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.88 |
Knowledge Score | 0.00 | 1.30 | 1.18 | 1.43 |
HMB covariates | ||||
Perc Susceptibility | 0.09 | 1.34 | 0.96 | 1.87 |
Perc Severity | 0.27 | 0.82 | 0.57 | 1.17 |
Perc Benefit | 0.01 | 1.42 | 1.09 | 1.85 |
Perc Barriers | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.87 |
Cues to Action | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 1.08 |
Self-Efficacy | 0.00 | 1.83 | 1.29 | 2.58 |
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Shubayr, N.; Khmees, R.; Alyami, A.; Majrashi, N.; Alomairy, N.; Abdelwahab, S. Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013615
Shubayr N, Khmees R, Alyami A, Majrashi N, Alomairy N, Abdelwahab S. Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013615
Chicago/Turabian StyleShubayr, Nasser, Rola Khmees, Ali Alyami, Naif Majrashi, Nada Alomairy, and Siddig Abdelwahab. 2022. "Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013615