Early vs. Late Gestational Diabetes: Comparison between Two Groups Diagnosed by Abnormal Initial Fasting Plasma Glucose or Mid-Pregnancy Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Early GDM (FPG before 24 weeks) (n = 1004) | late GDM (75 g OGTT 24–32 weeks) (n = 887) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (n = 1891) | 32.6 ± 5.95 | 32.6 ± 6.21 | 0.909 |
BMI (kg/m2) (n = 1861) | 30.68 ± 6.9 | 28.08 ± 5.92 | 0.000 * |
Family history of DM (n = 1887) | 598/100 (59.4%) | 471/887 (53.1%) | 0.003 * |
Previous GDM status (n = 1883) a | 0.000 * | ||
Primigravida | 255/998 (25.6%) | 266/885 (30.0%) | |
Yes | 123/998 (12.3%) | 63/885 (7.1%) | |
No | 620/998 (62.1%) | 556/885 (62.8%) | |
Chronic hypertension (n= 1891) | 313/1004 (31.2%) | 217/887 (24.5%) | 0.001 * |
Asthma (n = 1735) | 36/1004 (3.6%) | 36/731 (4.9%) | 0.167 |
Connective tissue disease (n =1873) | 16/1004 (1.6%) | 38/869 (4.4%) | 0.000 * |
Smoking habit (n =1803) | 64/921 (6.9%) | 50/882 (5.7%) | 0.264 |
Fetal malformation (n = 1638) | 50/917 (5.5%) | 37/721 (5.1%) | 0.774 |
Gestational age—FPG (n= 1765) | 10w2d ± 30 d | 12w4d ± 38 d | 0.000 * |
FPG (mg/dL) (n = 1778) | 97.85 ± 6.16 | 81.03 ± 7.05 | 0.000 * |
Gestational Age—OGTT (weeks + days) (n = 887) | NA | 27w0d ± 13d | NA |
0 h-OGTT (mg/dL) (n = 887) | NA | 90.74 ± 11.50 | NA |
1 h-OGTT (mg/dL) (n = 866) | NA | 164.02 ± 32.77 | NA |
2 h-OGTT (mg/dl) (n = 869) | NA | 153.66 ± 31.44 | NA |
Insulin use (n = 1811) | 211/942 (22.4%) | 145/869 (16.7%) | 0.002 * |
Miscarriage (n = 1602) | 8/881 | NA | NA |
Early GDM (FPG before 24 Weeks) (n = 1004) | Late GDM (75 g OGTT 24–32 Weeks) (n = 887) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Stillbirth (n = 1608) | 14/875 (1.6%) | 6/733 (0.8%) | 0.159 |
Gestational age at birth (n = 1570) | 38w0d ± 16 d | 38w0d ± 14 d | 0.911 |
Delivery mode (n = 1594) a | 0.001 * | ||
Vaginal | 250/873 (28.6%) | 220/721 (30.5%) | |
Forceps | 39/873 (4.5%) | 63/721 (8.7%) | |
Cesarean section | 584/873 (66.9%) | 438/721 (60.7%) | |
Newborn sex = female (n = 1586) | 408/868 (47.0%) | 362/718 (50.4%) | 0.176 |
Newborn weight (grams) (n = 1584) | 3075.75 ± 690.35 | 3015.91 ± 616.59 | 0.059 |
Weight classification (n = 1541) | 0.133 | ||
SGA | 102/855 (11.9%) | 94/686 (13.7%) | |
AGA | 687/855 (80.4%) | 555/686 (80.9%) | |
LGA | 66/855 (7.7%) | 37/686 (5.4%) | |
Apgar 5 min < 7 (n = 1533) | 16/817 (2%) | 12/716 (1.7%) | 0.68 |
Early GDM (FPG before 24 weeks) (n = 1004) | Late GDM (75 g OGTT 24–32 weeks) (n = 887) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Returned for post-partum OGTT (n = 1891) | 563/1004 (56.1%) | 451/887 (50.8%) | 0.023 * |
Time of post-partum evaluation (days) (n = 917) | 51.53 ± 26 | 48.51 ± 21 | 0.065 |
Complete post-partum OGTT result (n = 1010) #,a | 0.018 * | ||
Normal | 443/562 (78.8%) | 382/448 (85.3%) | |
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) | 106/562(18.9%) | 62/448 (13.8%) | |
DM | 13/562 (2.3%) | 4/448 (0.9%) | |
Post-partum 0h OGTT (mg/dL) (n = 1013) # | 90.12 ± 9.73 | 85.61 ± 8.97 | 0.000 * |
Post-partum 2h OGTT (mg/dL) (n = 1011) # | 108.02 ± 32.03 | 106.00 ± 30.27 | 0.308 |
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Zaccara, T.A.; Paganoti, C.F.; Mikami, F.C.F.; Francisco, R.P.V.; Costa, R.A. Early vs. Late Gestational Diabetes: Comparison between Two Groups Diagnosed by Abnormal Initial Fasting Plasma Glucose or Mid-Pregnancy Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113719
Zaccara TA, Paganoti CF, Mikami FCF, Francisco RPV, Costa RA. Early vs. Late Gestational Diabetes: Comparison between Two Groups Diagnosed by Abnormal Initial Fasting Plasma Glucose or Mid-Pregnancy Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113719
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaccara, Tatiana Assuncao, Cristiane Freitas Paganoti, Fernanda C. Ferreira Mikami, Rossana P. Vieira Francisco, and Rafaela Alkmin Costa. 2022. "Early vs. Late Gestational Diabetes: Comparison between Two Groups Diagnosed by Abnormal Initial Fasting Plasma Glucose or Mid-Pregnancy Oral Glucose Tolerance Test" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113719