Immobilization of Biomass Materials for Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Immobilization Technology
2.1. Immobilization Methods
2.1.1. Adsorption
2.1.2. Entrapment
2.1.3. Covalent Binding
2.1.4. Cross-Linking
2.1.5. Biofilm Method
2.2. Immobilization Carriers
2.2.1. Traditional Carriers
Enzyme and Carrier | Enzyme Activity | Thermal Stability | Storage Stability | Operation Stability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free Laccase | / | 70 °C, 6 h, 15% | 4 °C, 28 d, 40.2% | / | [71] |
Laccase on Fe3O4@CS nanoparticles | 114.2 U/mg | 70 °C, 6 h, 35% | 4 °C, 28 d, 75.2% | 5cycles: 36% | |
Free Chymotrypsin | / | 60 °C, 3 h, 29.6% | 4 °C, 20 d, 18.8% | / | [71] |
Chymotrypsin on magnetic Chitin Nanofiber Composite | / | 60 °C, 3 h, 70.7% | 4 °C, 20 d, 84.9% | 5cycles: 78.6% | |
Free Porcine pancreatic lipase | / | 60 °C, 26% | 4 °C, 56 d, 20% | / | [72] |
Porcine pancreatic lipase on 3D,GO/PVA/Fe3O4 | / | 60 °C, 64% | 4 °C, 56 d, 71.1% | 6cycles: 70.8% | |
Free Laccase | 85.9 U/g | 40 °C, 55% | 25 °C, 20 d, 4% | / | [46] |
Laccase on polyimide aerogels | 8.0 U/g | 40 °C, 98% | 25 °C, 20 d, 20% | 7cycles: 22% | |
Free Inulinase | 33.8 U/mg | 60 °C, 3 h, 33.8% | 4 °C, 6 w, 44.3% | / | [73] |
Inulinase on shallow porous microsphere carriers | 24.7 U/mg | 70 °C, 3 h, 69.2% | 4 °C, 6 w, 71.4% | 10cycles: 77.9% |
2.2.2. Novel Carriers
2.3. Biomass Materials Type
2.3.1. Microorganisms
Microorganisms | Carrier | Immobilization Method | Contaminant | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Halomonas and Aneurinibacillus | Straw-alginate | Entrapment | Diesel | [41] |
Pseudomonas moorei KB4 | Loofah sponge | Adsorption | Paracetamol | [93] |
Seudomonas citronellolis | Biochar | Adsorption | Biodegradation | [94] |
Consortium GYB1 | Alginate-biochar | Entrapment | 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorodiphenyl | [58] |
P. putida | Biochar | Covalent binding-Adsorption | Paraquat | [95] |
P. putida | AC | Adsorption | phenol | [96] |
Bacillus thuringiensis B1 | XAN-PDA | Cross-linking | Naproxen | [49] |
Saccharomyces pastorianus | Alginate | Entrapment | Ethacridine lactate | [97] |
2.3.2. Enzymes
Enzyme | Carrier | Immobilization Method | Contaminant | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polyphenol oxidase | Chitosan-montmorillonite | Adsorption | Phenolic compounds | [109] |
Laccase from Aspergillus oryzae | Graphene Oxide | Adsorption | Malachite Green | [110] |
Laccase from Aspergillus oryzae | Porous geopolymer | Cyclic adsorption | Crystal violet | [111] |
Laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus (CS43) | Multi-channel ceramic membrane | Covalent bonding | BPA | [112] |
Soybean peroxidase | Fe3O4@SiO2 particles | Covalent bonding | Malachite green | [113] |
Laccases from T. pubescens | Alginate-glutaraldehyde | Cross linking-Entrapment | BPA | [114] |
Tyrosinase from Penicillium chrysogenum | Alginate | Entrapment | Phenol | [115] |
Laccase | CoCu-MOF | Entrapment | Congo red | [116] |
3. Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants in Wastewater
3.1. Removal of Organic Pollutants by Immobilized Microorganisms
3.2. Removal of Organic Pollutants by Immobilized Enzyme
Immobilized Biomass | Contaminant | Immobilization Method | Initial Concentration | Degradation Efficiency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar-Bacillus cereus LZ01 | Chlortetracycline | Adsorption | 75 mg/L | 83%, 2 d | [130] |
Pine needle biochar-Laccase | Malachite green | Adsorption | 50 mg/L | 85%, 5 h | [131] |
Bacillus subtilis | Methylene blue | Covalent binding | 100 mg/L | 95%, 3 h | [132] |
Fe3O4-Penicillium sp. yz11-22N2 | Atrazine | Entrapment | 8 mg/L | 91.2%, 5 d | [133] |
Bamboo charcoal-Microbial community | Nonylphenol | Adsorption | 50 mg/L | 69.5%, 8 d | [134] |
Alginate-Laccase | BPA | Cross-linking | 20 mg/L | 99%, 2 h | [114] |
Zeolite-Laccase | 2,4-Dinitrophenol | Covalent binding | 1.5 mg/L | 100%, 6 h | [135] |
Montmorillonite-Laccase | 90%, 6 h |
4. Factors Affecting the Application of Immobilized Biomass Materials
4.1. Effect of Temperature
4.2. Effect of pH
4.3. Effect of Biomass Materials Concentration
5. Applications of Immobilized Biomass Materials in Bioreactor
6. Conclusions
7. Perspectives
- (1)
- The development of novel efficient and inexpensive immobilization carriers is crucial. At present, immobilization technology has been widely studied in the field of wastewater treatment; however, industrial-scale applications are limited by the composition of wastewater, operating conditions, and other factors. In particular, the price and service life of carrier materials are key factors for the economic feasibility of immobilization technology. Appropriate carriers and corresponding immobilization methods are the basis for success; therefore, seeking carriers with low cost, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility may become a new topic in this field.
- (2)
- Maintenance of biological activity and mass transfer efficiency during immobilization is the core technology of immobilization methods. Although biomass materials immobilization is economical, efficient, recyclable, and adaptable to environmental changes, most immobilization methods lead to biomass materials deactivation, and traditional immobilization techniques often affect the mass transfer efficiency between the biomass materials and substrate. Therefore, it is crucial to develop better immobilization methods to address the shortcomings of traditional methods for more efficient engineering applications.
- (3)
- If a single immobilization method cannot effectively achieve biomass immobilization, two or more immobilization methods can be combined to enhance the immobilization process; for example, using the adsorption–entrapment method can simultaneously solve the low affinity of adsorption and the high mass transfer resistance of entrapment. Therefore, the choice of two methods that can complement each other for the composite immobilization of biomass materials can lead to better overall performance of the immobilized biomass materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, D.; Yang, X.; Zhang, L.; Tang, Y.; He, H.; Liang, M.; Tu, Z.; Zhu, H. Immobilization of Biomass Materials for Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants from Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113830
Liu D, Yang X, Zhang L, Tang Y, He H, Liang M, Tu Z, Zhu H. Immobilization of Biomass Materials for Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants from Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113830
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Danxia, Xiaolong Yang, Lin Zhang, Yiyan Tang, Huijun He, Meina Liang, Zhihong Tu, and Hongxiang Zhu. 2022. "Immobilization of Biomass Materials for Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants from Wastewater" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113830