Stress Levels, Attitude toward Vaccination and Personal Protective Equipment of Students at Wroclaw Medical University during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- October/November/December 2020
- March/April 2021
- November/December 2021
- January/February 2022 [6]
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. The Feeling of Stress
2.3. Own Questions Questionnaires
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
- No vaccines/vaccination withholding in the “0” group (n = 33)
- Fear of vaccine side effects/complications (n = 13)
- Waiting for the vaccination date (n = 12)
- Cannot get vaccinated for health reasons—diseases that exclude vaccination (n = 8)
- Lack of confidence in vaccines (n = 5)
- Infected with COVID-19 on the scheduled vaccination date (n = 4)
- Do not feel the need to do so (n = 5)
- Did not register for the vaccination yet (n = 8)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total, n = 660 (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 136 (20.6) |
Female | 524 (79.4) |
Place of residence | |
Rural area | 196 (29.7) |
City < 20,000 * | 60 (9.1) |
City 20,000–50,000 * | 73 (11.1) |
City 50,000–100,000 * | 73 (11.1) |
City 100,000–500,000 * | 55 (8.3) |
City 500,000+ * | 203 (30.8) |
BMI | |
Underweight (<17) | 12 (1.8) |
Underweight (17–18.49) | 51 (7.7) |
Normal (18.5–24.99) | 494 (74.8) |
Overweight (25–29.99) | 86 (13.0) |
Obesity (>30) | 17 (2.6) |
Recovered from COVID-19 | |
Yes | 115 (17.4) |
No | 545 (82.6) |
Vaccinated against COVID-19 | |
Yes | 391 (59.2) |
No | 269 (40.8) |
Impact of the pandemic on well-being | |
Positive | 22 (3.3) |
Negative | 316 (47.9) |
None | 47 (7.1) |
Hard to decide | 275 (41.7) |
Mental condition | |
I feel the same | 149 (22.6) |
I feel lonely | 62 (9.4) |
I feel anxious | 31 (4.7) |
I am more stressed | 81 (12.3) |
I cannot function | 43 (6.5) |
I am overwhelmed | 248 (37.6) |
I feel happy | 46 (7.0) |
Faculty | Total, n = 660 (% **) | Male, n = 136 (% *) | Female, n = 524 (% *) | Vaccinated, n = 391 (% *) | Unvaccinated n = 269 (% *) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medical laboratory | 27 (4.1) | 5 (18.5) | 22 (81.5) | 13 (50.0) | 13 (50.0) |
Dietetics | 36 (5.5) | 2 (5.6) | 34 (94.4) | 11 (30.6) | 25 (69.4) |
Pharmacy | 113 (17.1) | 25 (22.1) | 88 (77.9) | 62 (54.9) | 51 (45.1) |
Physiotherapy | 72 (10.9) | 18 (25.0) | 54 (75.0) | 36 (50.0) | 36 (50.0) |
Medicine | 187 (28.3) | 57 (30.5) | 130 (69.5) | 157 (84.0) | 30 (16.0) |
Dentistry | 24 (3.6) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) |
Nursing | 128 (19.4) | 11 (8.6) | 117 (91.4) | 72 (56.3) | 56 (43.8) |
Midwifery | 26 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 26 (100.0) | 12 (46.2) | 14 (53.8) |
Paramedic | 24 (3.6) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) |
Public health | 23 (3.5) | 2 (8.7) | 21 (91.3) | 4 (17.4) | 19 (82.6) |
Variables | E.T. | E.S. | I.S. | L.S. | O.S. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | 4.36 (±1.96) | 5.35 (±2.01) | 4.83 (±2.14) | 4.13 (±2.43) | 4.80 (±1.98) |
Gender | |||||
Male | 4.90 (±2.14) | 5.63 (±1.95) | 5.52 (±2.05) | 5.02 (±2.42) | 5.35 (±1.99) |
Female | 4.22 (±1.89) | 5.28 (±2.02) | 4.65 (±2.13) | 3.90 (±2.38) | 4.66 (±1.96) |
p Value * | p = 0.0004 | p = 0.058 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0002 |
Faculty | |||||
Medical laboratory | 4.00 (±1.33) | 4.89 (±2.03) | 3.78 (±1.89) | 3.44 (±2.71) | 4.11 (±1.67) |
Dietetics | 4.78 (±2.02) | 5.97 (±1.78) | 5.22 (±1.79) | 3.69 (±2.69) | 5.31 (±1.77) |
Pharmacy | 4.37 (±1.98) | 5.40 (±2.04) | 4.90 (±2.11) | 4.12 (±2.49) | 4.86 (±2.03) |
Physiotherapy | 4.26 (±2.01) | 5.49 (±1.86) | 4.71 (±2.25) | 4.10 (±2.43) | 4.83 (±1.90) |
Medicine | 4.37 (±2.00) | 5.40 (±2.11) | 5.06 (±2.14) | 4.26 (±2.57) | 4.93 (±2.05) |
Dentistry | 4.71 (±1.90) | 5.04 (±2.16) | 5.71 (±2.12) | 4.92 (±2.39) | 5.17 (±2.08) |
Nursing | 4.11 (±1.89) | 5.10 (±1.99) | 4.41 (±2.11) | 4.01 (±2.15) | 4.41 (±1.90) |
Midwifery | 4.50 (±1.63) | 5.46 (±1.82) | 4.69 (±1.78) | 4.04 (±2.41) | 4.85 (±1.62) |
Paramedic | 4.33 (±2.04) | 5.42 (±1.84) | 4.92 (±1.86) | 5.08 (±2.45) | 4.83 (±1.95) |
Public health | 5.09 (±2.54) | 5.48 (±2.15) | 5.13 (±2.80) | 3.61 (±2.02) | 5.17 (±2.61) |
p Value ** | p = 0.60 | p = 0.55 | p = 0.009 | p = 0.15 | p = 0.15 |
BMI | |||||
Underweight (<17) | 4.00 (±2.17) | 4.50 (±2.07) | 4.08 (±2.68) | 3.75 (±2.26) | 4.08 (±2.31) |
Underweight (17–18.4) | 4.59 (±1.97) | 5.33 (±2.11) | 5.02 (±2.70) | 3.24 (±2.40) | 4.94 (±1.87) |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 4.35 (±1.94) | 5.46 (±1.97) | 4.90 (±2.13) | 4.11 (±2.39) | 4.87 (±1.97) |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 4.22 (±1.88) | 5.02 (±2.08) | 4.52 (±2.05) | 4.71 (±2.44) | 4.51 (±1.96) |
Obesity (>30) | 4.65 (±2.74) | 4.53 (±2.07) | 4.24 (±2.19) | 4.88 (±2.91) | 4.41 (±2.37) |
p Value ** | p = 0.79 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.22 | p = 0.0054 | p = 0.32 |
Recovered from COVID-19 | |||||
Yes | 4.13 (±1.91) | 5.15 (±2.19) | 4.87 (±2.08) | 4.59 (±2.29) | 4.64 (±2.12) |
No | 4.40 (±1.97) | 5.40 (±1.97) | 4.82 (±2.15) | 4.04 (±2.45) | 4.84 (±1.95) |
p Value * | p = 0.10 | p = 0.15 | p = 0.40 | p = 0.0054 | p = 0.21 |
Vaccinated against COVID-19 | |||||
Yes | 4.34 (±1.99) | 5.21 (±2.04) | 4.71 (±2.12) | 4.22 (±2.47) | 4.71 (±2.00) |
No | 4.39 (±1.92) | 5.56 (±1.95) | 5.01 (±2.16) | 4.01 (±2.35) | 4.94 (±1.96) |
p Value * | p = 0.38 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.17 | p = 0.08 |
Mental condition | |||||
I feel the same | 5.40 (±1.92) | 6.04 (±1.93) | 5.84 (±2.09) | 3.80 (±2.17) | 5.84 (±1.90) |
I feel lonely | 4.02 (±1.65) | 4.97 (±1.96) | 4.15 (±1.97) | 4.32 (±2.47) | 4.34 (±1.82) |
I feel anxious | 4.10 (±1.92) | 5.45 (±1.69) | 4.19 (±1.90) | 4.06 (±2.41) | 4.42 (±1.59) |
I am more stressed | 3.73 (±1.80) | 5.12 (±2.01) | 4.41 (±2.19) | 4.37 (±2.38) | 4.31 (±1.94) |
I cannot function | 3.26 (±1.73) | 4.42 (±1.83) | 3.74 (±1.88) | 4.44 (±2.76) | 3.63 (±1.70) |
I am overwhelmed | 4.06 (±1.82) | 5.16 (±2.00) | 4.65 (±1.97) | 4.17 (±2.45) | 5.45 (±1.88) |
I feel happy | 5.33 (±2.06) | 5.93 (±2.04) | 5.70 (±2.24) | 4.15 (±2.78) | 5.70 (±1.98) |
p Value ** | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.59 | p < 0.0001 |
Impact of the pandemic on well-being | |||||
Positive | 5.14 (±1.83) | 5.32 (±2.03) | 5.36 (±2.06) | 4.64 (±2.68) | 5.23 (±1.82) |
Negative | 3.80 (±1.81) | 4.98 (±2.06) | 4.35 (±2.11) | 4.39 (±2.50) | 4.29 (±1.94) |
None | 5.53 (±2.00) | 6.17 (±2.09) | 5.83 (±2.27) | 3.68 (±2.35) | 5.94 (±1.99) |
Hard to decide | 4.73 (±1.94) | 5.65 (±1.85) | 5.17 (±2.03) | 3.88 (±2.30) | 5.16 (±1.88) |
p Value ** | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.04 | p < 0.0001 |
Variable | Total, n = 660 (%) | |
---|---|---|
PPE form | ||
Washing hands | 652 (98.9) | |
Using hand sanitizers | 579 (87.7) | |
Using face mask outside the home | 648 (98.2) | |
Using gloves outside the home | 99 (13.3) | |
Using goggles | 4 (0.6) | |
Using gloves inside the home | 4 (0.6) | |
Using face mask inside the home | 7 (1.1) | |
I do not use any | 0 (0.0) | |
Differences between faculties | Hand sanitizers, n = 579 (% *) | Gloves, n = 99 (% *) |
Medical laboratory | 26 (96.3) | 7 (25.9) |
Dietetics | 29 (80.6) | 2 (5.6) |
Pharmacy | 100 (88.5) | 17 (15.0) |
Physiotherapy | 57 (79.2) | 6 (8.3) |
Medicine | 160 (85.6) | 29 (15.5) |
Dentistry | 22 (91.7) | 2 (8.3) |
Nursing | 120 (93.8) | 16 (12.5) |
Midwifery | 25 (96.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Paramedic | 22 (91.7) | 4 (16.7) |
Public health | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) |
Variables | E.T. | E.S. | I.S. | L.S. | O.S. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hand sanitizers | |||||
Using (n = 579) | 4.33 (±1.95) | 5.31 (±2.00) | 4.78 (±2.11) | 4.05 (±2.43) | 4.76 (±1.97) |
Not using (n = 81) | 4.57 (±2.07) | 5.64 (±2.08) | 5.20 (±2.28) | 4.75 (±2.30) | 5.14 (±2.02) |
p Value * | p = 0.44 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.12 | p = 0.048 | p = 0.16 |
Gloves | |||||
Using (n = 88) | 4.31 (±1.93) | 5.05 (±1.99) | 4.55 (±2.11) | 3.80 (±2.47) | 4.58 (±2.03) |
Not using (n = 572) | 4.36 (±1.97) | 5.40 (±2.01) | 4.88 (±2.14) | 4.19 (±2.42) | 4.84 (±1.97) |
p Value * | p = 0.15 | p = 0.054 | p = 0.053 | p = 0.0039 | p = 0.049 |
Variables | E.T. | E.S. | I.S. | L.S. | O.S. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic year of medical faculty | |||||
1st year (n = 150) | 4.25 (±2.08) | 5.19 (±2.13) | 4.95 (±2.09) | 4.26 (±2.63) | 4.76 (±2.09) |
2nd year (n = 37) | 4.86 (±1.58) | 6.24 (±1.80) | 5.54 (±2.28) | 4.24 (±2.36) | 5.59 (±1.74) |
p Value * | p = 0.028 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.09 | p = 0.38 | p = 0.017 |
Gender on medical faculty | |||||
Male (n = 57) | 4.79 (±1.93) | 5.51 (±1.98) | 5.54 (±2.00) | 5.07 (±2.48) | 5.06 (±2.26) |
Female (n = 130) | 4.18 (±2.01) | 5.35 (±2.16) | 4.85 (±2.17) | 3.90 (±2.54) | 5.30 (±1.87) |
p Value * | p = 0.024 | p = 0.34 | p = 0.028 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.05 |
Variables | E.T. | E.S. | I.S. | L.S. | O.S. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise (n = 119) | 4.51 (±1.95) | 5.46 (±2.00) | 4.97 (±2.14) | 4.09 (±2.44) | 4.95 (±1.97) |
Do not exercise (n = 541) | 3.67 (±1.86) | 4.89 (±1.98) | 4.20 (±1.98) | 4.34 (±2.34) | 4.15 (±1.92) |
p Value * | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.0002 | p = 0.11 | p < 0.0001 |
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Kosendiak, A.A.; Adamczak, B.; Bania, J.; Kontek, S. Stress Levels, Attitude toward Vaccination and Personal Protective Equipment of Students at Wroclaw Medical University during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113860
Kosendiak AA, Adamczak B, Bania J, Kontek S. Stress Levels, Attitude toward Vaccination and Personal Protective Equipment of Students at Wroclaw Medical University during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113860
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosendiak, Aureliusz Andrzej, Bartosz Adamczak, Julia Bania, and Sylwiusz Kontek. 2022. "Stress Levels, Attitude toward Vaccination and Personal Protective Equipment of Students at Wroclaw Medical University during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113860