Human Health Risk Assessment Is Associated with the Consumption of Metal-Contaminated Groundwater around the Marituba Landfill, Amazonia, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Groundwater Collection
2.4. Structured Questionnaire
2.5. Sample Preparation
2.5.1. Groundwater
2.5.2. Metal Analysis
2.5.3. Statistical Analysis
- (a)
- First, the calculation of the ith parameter weighting:
- (b)
- Second, the calculation of the quality rating for each of the metals:
- (c)
- Third, the sum of these sub-indices into the overall index. Calculating the HPI:
2.6. Assessment of Potential Risk to Human Health
3. Results
3.1. Concentrations of Metals in the Groundwater
3.2. Human Health Risk Assessment
3.3. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI)
4. Discussion
4.1. Concentrations of Metals in the Groundwater
4.1.1. Arsenic (As)
4.1.2. Copper (Cu)
4.1.3. Lead (Pb)
4.1.4. Manganese (Mn)
4.2. Human Health Risk Assessment
4.2.1. Arsenic (As)
4.2.2. Copper (Cu)
4.2.3. Lead (Pb)
4.2.4. Manganese (Mn)
4.3. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group | Quantity Water (Minimum) |
---|---|
0–6 months | Breast milk only |
7–12 months | 800 mL to 1 L |
1–3 years | 1.3 L |
4–8 years | 1.7 L |
9–13 years | 2.1 L */2.4 L ** |
14–18 years | 3.3 L **/2.3 L * |
19–70 years | 3.7 L **/2.7 L */3 L **/3.8 L **** |
Metals | Oral RfD (mg/kg/Day) | Oral SF (mg/kg/Day)−1 |
---|---|---|
As | 3 × 10−4 | 1.50 |
Cu | 4 × 10−2 | n.d. |
Pb | 3.5 × 10−4 | n.d. |
Mn * | 1.0 × 10−2 | n.d. |
Parameters | Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
C | Concentration of metal in water | µg/L−1 | - |
IR | Ingestion rate per unit of time | l/dia | 2.8 ± 0.57 |
EF | Frequency of exposure | Days/years | 365 |
ED | Duration of exposure | Years | 13 |
BW | Body weight | kg | 60 ± 12 |
AT | Average time | Days | 25.55 |
Metals | Neighborhood | Average ± DP | N | USEPA 2012 | WHO 2017 | Port. 888/2021 | CONAMA Res. 460/2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Beira Rio | 1.47 ± 0.77 | 25 | 10 | 10 | 1000 | 10 |
Decouville | 0.49 ± 0.26 | 75 | |||||
Santa Lúcia I | 1.01 ± 0.54 | 21 | |||||
São João | 1.22 ± 0.72 | 22 | |||||
São Pedro | 1.20 ± 1.02 | 22 | |||||
Uriboca | 0.90 ± 0.64 | 20 | |||||
Cu | Beira Rio | 2.78 ± 4.73 | 25 | 1300 | 2000 | 2.000 | 2000 |
Decouville | 6.70 ± 22.45 | 75 | |||||
Santa Lúcia I | 2.42 ± 3.06 | 21 | |||||
São João | 7.57 ± 26.28 | 22 | |||||
São Pedro | 2.48 ± 5.60 | 22 | |||||
Uriboca | 18.20 ± 71.70 | 20 | |||||
Pb | Beira Rio | 1.96 ± 6.89 | 25 | 15 | 10 | 1000 | 400 |
Decouville | 0.30 ± 0.68 | 75 | |||||
Santa Lúcia I | 0.46 ± 0.38 | 21 | |||||
São João | 0.61 ± 0.67 | 22 | |||||
São Pedro | 0.49 ± 0.40 | 22 | |||||
Uriboca | 0.99 ± 2.11 | 20 | |||||
Mn | Beira Rio | 20.65 ± 38.27 | 25 | - | - | - | 10 |
Decouville | 37.77 ± 64.26 | 75 | |||||
Santa Lúcia I | 17.79 ± 11.29 | 21 | |||||
São João | 8.77 ± 8.01 | 22 | |||||
São Pedro | 7.81 ± 10.87 | 22 | |||||
Uriboca | 7.22 ± 9.88 | 20 |
n = 184 Homes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood | HQ | ADD | ||||||
As | Cu | Pb | Mn | As | Cu | Pb | Mn | |
São João | 3.525 × 104 | 1640.167 × 103 | 1.510 × 104 | 5.429 × 103 | 1.058 × 101 | 6.560 × 101 | 5.290 | 7.600 × 101 |
Uriboca | 2.600 × 104 | 3943.334 × 103 | 2.451 × 104 | 4.469 × 103 | 7.800 | 1.577 × 102 | 8.580 | 6.257 × 101 |
Santa Lúcia I | 2.918 × 104 | 524.334 × 102 | 1.139 × 104 | 1.102 × 104 | 8.754 | 2.097 × 101 | 3.990 | 1.541 × 102 |
Beira Rio | 4.247 × 104 | 602.334 × 102 | 4.854 × 104 | 1.279 × 104 | 1.274 × 101 | 2.409 × 101 | 1.698 × 101 | 1.789 × 102 |
Decouville | 1.416 × 104 | 1451.667 × 103 | 7.429 × 103 | 2.339 × 104 | 4.247 | 5.806 × 101 | 2.600 | 3.273 × 102 |
São Pedro | 3.467 × 104 | 537.334 × 102 | 1.213 × 104 | 4.835 × 103 | 1.040 × 101 | 2.149 × 101 | 4.250 | 6.768 × 101 |
HPI Range | Quality |
---|---|
<25 | Excellent |
26 to 50 | Good |
51 to 75 | Poor |
76 to 100 | Very Poor |
>100 | Inadequate |
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de Queiroz, T.K.L.; Câmara, V.d.M.; Naka, K.S.; Mendes, L.d.C.d.S.; Chagas, B.R.; de Jesus, I.M.; Meyer, A.; Lima, M.d.O. Human Health Risk Assessment Is Associated with the Consumption of Metal-Contaminated Groundwater around the Marituba Landfill, Amazonia, Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113865
de Queiroz TKL, Câmara VdM, Naka KS, Mendes LdCdS, Chagas BR, de Jesus IM, Meyer A, Lima MdO. Human Health Risk Assessment Is Associated with the Consumption of Metal-Contaminated Groundwater around the Marituba Landfill, Amazonia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113865
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Queiroz, Thaís Karolina Lisboa, Volney de Magalhães Câmara, Karytta Sousa Naka, Lorena de Cássia dos Santos Mendes, Brenda Rodrigues Chagas, Iracina Maura de Jesus, Armando Meyer, and Marcelo de Oliveira Lima. 2022. "Human Health Risk Assessment Is Associated with the Consumption of Metal-Contaminated Groundwater around the Marituba Landfill, Amazonia, Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113865