Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Methods
- The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—the questionnaire consists of seven questions regarding types of physical activity that constitute elements of everyday life. The questions refer to physical activity in the last seven days and concern the time spent sitting and walking as well as the time devoted to vigorous and moderate physical activity. Activities done for at least 10 min at a time are taken into account. This instrument is used to assess physical activity levels—according to the IPAQ scoring protocol, three levels are distinguished, i.e., low, moderate and high [21];
- The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. [22] from the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois—the scale includes five statements that an individual relates to by indicating how much they agree or disagree with them in terms of their life. The score is an overall indicator of satisfaction with life. The satisfaction with life measured with SWLS is manifested through a sense of satisfaction with one’s own achievements and conditions [23]. The questionnaire is designed for adults (both healthy and ill ones). It is a useful instrument for measuring life satisfaction per se [24]. Cronbach’s (α) reliability analysis was used in order to verify the internal consistency of the questionnaire: the reliability of the tool was assessed as α = 0.872, which is a satisfactory level of reliability;
- Mental health was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) developed by David Goldberg [25]. It refers to changes in a subjective perception of health whose possible deterioration may stem from experiencing problems, difficulties, worries or mental illness. The questionnaire also measures the improvement in mental health state resulting from the influence of different environmental factors. It is used to assess environmental determinants of mental health state, which means it is particularly useful when pursuing the aim of the present study in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. GHQ-28 measures four aspects of mental health: A-somatic symptoms, B-anxiety and insomnia, C-social dysfunction, D-depression symptoms. In the present study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for GHQ-28 was 0.95;
- Mini-COPE-Stress Coping Inventory developed by Charles S. Carver is a tool for adults (both healthy and ill ones). It consists of 28 statements that make up 14 strategies (2 statements in each strategy). The tool is used to assess typical ways of reacting to situations of severe stress. The strategies are divided into 4 categories (integral strategies) and corresponding scales: active coping (active coping, planning, positive revaluation), helplessness (taking psychoactive substances, doing nothing, self-accusation), seeking support (seeking emotional and instrumental support), avoidance behaviours (dealing with other things, denial, giving vent to one’s feelings). Such strategies as turning to religion, acceptance and sense of humor constitute separate categories [26,27]. In the present study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for Mini-COPE was 0.789.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | GROUP | Total (N = 779) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ABNS (N = 374) | YKSUG (N = 405) | |||
N (%) | ||||
Sex | Male | 105 (28.1) | 97 (24.0) | 202 (25.9) |
Female | 269 (71.9) | 308 (76.0) | 577 (74.1) | |
Age | 17 to 20 years | 95 (25.4) | 374 (92.3) | 469 (60.2) |
21 to 30 years | 210 (56.1) | 31 (7.7) | 241 (30.9) | |
31 to 40 years | 43 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (5.5) | |
over 40 years | 26 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 26 (3.3) | |
Place of residence (during COVID-19 pandemic) | urban area | 209 (55.9) | 379 (93.6) | 588 (75.5) |
rural area | 165 (44.1) | 26 (6.4) | 191 (24.5) | |
Self-isolation due to COVID-19 | yes | 105 (27.0) | 145 (35.8) | 246 (31.6) |
no | 273 (73.0) | 260 (64.2) | 533 (68.4) | |
Quarantine due to COVID-19 | yes | 150 (40.1) | 83 (20.5) | 233 (29.9) |
no | 224 (59.9) | 322 (79.5) | 546 (70.1) | |
Vaccination against COVID-19 | yes, a one-dose vaccine | 46 (12.3) | 103 (25.4) | 149 (19.1) |
yes, two doses | 162 (43.3) | 126 (31.1) | 288 (37.0) | |
yes, three doses | 64 (17.1) | 1 (0.2) | 65 (8.3) | |
no | 68 (18.2) | 152 (37.5) | 220 (28.2) | |
I do not want to reply | 34 (9.1) | 23 (5.7) | 57 (7.3) | |
Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 | yes | 101 (27.0) | 145 (35.8) | 246 (31.6) |
no | 273 (73.0) | 260 (64.2) | 533 (68.4) |
Variable | Coefficient | Value | Chi-Squared | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Phi | 0.047 | 1.722 | 0.189 |
Age | V Kramer | 0.687 | 367.270 | 0.001 * |
Place of residence (during COVID-19 pandemic) | Phi | −0.438 | 149.310 | 0.001 * |
Self-isolation due to COVID-19 | Phi | −0.249 | 48.183 | 0.001 * |
Quarantine due to COVID-19 | Phi | 0.185 | 26.578 | 0.001 * |
Vaccination against COVID-19 | V Kramer | 0.393 | 120.520 | 0.001 * |
Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 | Phi | −0.185 | 26.561 | 0.001 * |
PA Levels | Group | Total (N = 779) | V Kramer | Chi-Squared | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABNS (N = 375) | YKSUG (N = 405) | |||||
N (%) | ||||||
Low | 56 (15.0) | 12 (3.0) | 68 (8.7) | 0.228 | 40.41 | 0.001 * |
Moderate | 128 (34.2) | 192 (47.4) | 320 (41.1) | |||
High | 190 (50.8) | 201 (49.6) | 391 (50.2) |
VARIABLES | GROUP | M (±SD) | Mean Equality Test | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | p | Cohen’s d | Hedges’ g | Glass’s Delta | |||
SWLS | ABNS | 20.78 (±5.49) | 14.51 | 0.001 * | 1.040 | 1.039 | 0.997 |
YKSUG | 14.76 (±6.03) | ||||||
Mini-COPE | |||||||
Active coping | ABNS | 2.13 (±0.60) | 5.96 | 0.001 * | 0.423 | 0.422 | 0.375 |
YKSUG | 1.83 (±0.81) | ||||||
Planning | ABNS | 2.01 (±0.66) | 3.30 | 0.001 * | 0.235 | 0.235 | 0.219 |
YKSUG | 1.84 (±0.77) | ||||||
Positive revaluation | ABNS | 1.70 (±0.73) | −0.15 | 0.883 | −0.011 | −0.011 | −0.010 |
YKSUG | 1.71 (±0.80) | ||||||
Acceptance | ABNS | 1.89 (±0.70) | 4.87 | 0.001 * | 0.348 | 0.348 | 0.335 |
YKSUG | 1.63 (±0.76) | ||||||
Humourous approach | ABNS | 1.10 (±0.73) | −8.96 | 0.001 * | −0.638 | −0.637 | −0.586 |
YKSUG | 1.63 (±0.89) | ||||||
Turning to religion | ABNS | 1.09 (±0.99) | 0.13 | 0.894 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
YKSUG | 1.08 (±0.94) | ||||||
Seeking emotional support | ABNS | 1.86 (±0.82) | −0.14 | 0.891 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.010 |
YKSUG | 1.87 (±0.82) | ||||||
Seeking instrumental support | ABNS | 1.82 (±0.81) | 1.70 | 0.090 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.124 |
YKSUG | 1.72 (±0.78) | ||||||
Dealing with other things | ABNS | 1.80 (±0.69) | 6.55 | 0.001 * | 0.469 | 0.469 | 0.457 |
YKSUG | 1.46 (±0.73) | ||||||
Denial | ABNS | 0.88 (±0.73) | −3.36 | 0.001 * | −0.241 | −0.241 | −0.235 |
YKSUG | 1.06 (±0.76) | ||||||
Giving vent to one’s feelings | ABNS | 1.43 (±0.66) | −1.14 | 0.255 | −0.082 | −0.082 | −0.081 |
YKSUG | 1.49 (±0.68) | ||||||
Taking psychoactive substances | ABNS | 0.48 (±0.71) | −3.21 | 0.001 * | −0.230 | −0.229 | −0.220 |
YKSUG | 0.65 (±0.78) | ||||||
Doing nothing | ABNS | 0.76 (±0.63) | −2.71 | 0.007 * | −0.194 | −0.194 | −0.186 |
YKSUG | 0.89 (±0.69) | ||||||
Self-accusation | ABNS | 1.32 (±0.82) | −1.71 | 0.087 | −0.123 | −0.123 | −0.120 |
YKSUG | 1.43 (±0.86) | ||||||
Mini-COPE INTEGRAL STRATEGIES | |||||||
Active coping | ABNS | 1.95 (±0.51) | 3.59 | 0.001 * | 0.255 | 0.255 | 0.227 |
YKSUG | 1.79 (±0.68) | ||||||
Helplessness | ABNS | 0.85 (±0.53) | −3.31 | 0.001 * | −0.238 | −0.237 | −0.225 |
YKSUG | 0.99 (±0.60) | ||||||
Seeking support | ABNS | 1.84 (±0.76) | 0.82 | 0.414 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.059 |
YKSUG | 1.79 (±0.76) | ||||||
Avoidance behaviours | ABNS | 1.37 (±0.47) | 0.90 | 0.368 | 0.064 | 0.064 | 0.059 |
YKSUG | 1.34 (±0.56) | ||||||
GHQ | |||||||
GHQ A somatic symptoms | ABNS | 14.16 (±4.06) | −4.29 | 0.001 * | −0.305 | −0.305 | −0.281 |
YKSUG | 15.53 (±4.90) | ||||||
GHQ B anxiety and insomnia | ABNS | 13.98 (±4.97) | −2.53 | 0.011 * | −0.181 | −0.180 | −0.169 |
YKSUG | 14.96 (±5.81) | ||||||
GHQ C social dysfunction | ABNS | 13.97 (±13.98) | −1.39 | 0.164 | −0.099 | −0.099 | −0.090 |
YKSUG | 14.31 (±3.73) | ||||||
GHQ D depression symptoms | ABNS | 10.35 (±4.78) | −2.33 | 0.020 * | −0.167 | −0.167 | −0.170 |
YKSUG | 11.14 (±4.65) | ||||||
GHQ overall score | ABNS | 52.45 (±13.42) | −3.37 | 0.001 * | −0.240 | −0.240 | −0.226 |
YKSUG | 55.93 (±15.40) | ||||||
IPAQ [MET-min/week] | ABNS | 4777.24 (±5197.34) | 4.936 | 0.001 * | 0.364 | 0.363 | 0.636 |
YKSUG | 3339.33 (±2259.33) |
VARIABLES | GROUP | Mean Rank | U Mann-Whitney | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
IPAQ [MET-min/week] | ABNS | 406.78 | 69,460.5 | 0.046 * |
YKSUG | 374.51 |
GROUP | TEST | IPAQ | SWLS |
---|---|---|---|
ABNS (N = 374) | GHQ A—somatic symptoms | −0.115 * | −0.209 *** |
GHQ B—anxiety and insomnia | 0.014 | −0.297 *** | |
GHQ C—social dysfunction | −0.012 | −0.244 *** | |
GHQ D—depression symptoms | −0.003 | −0.436 *** | |
GHQ—overall score | −0.026 | −0.371 *** | |
YKSUG (N = 405) | GHQ A—somatic symptoms | −0.063 | 0.216 *** |
GHQ B—anxiety and insomnia | −0.057 | 0.284 *** | |
GHQ C—social dysfunction | −0.095 | 0.266 *** | |
GHQ D—depression symptoms | −0.013 | 0.258 *** | |
GHQ—overall score | −0.068 | 0.313 *** |
TEST | GROUP | IPAQ |
---|---|---|
SWLS | ABNS (N = 374) | 0.044 |
YKSUG (N = 405) | 0.028 |
VARIABLES | IPAQ | SWLS | GHQ A | GHQ B | GHQ C | GHQ D | GHQ General |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABNS (N = 374) | |||||||
Active coping | 0.102 * | 0.207 *** | −0.117 * | −0.087 | −0.120 * | −0.272 *** | −0.174 *** |
Planning | 0.083 | 0.152 ** | −0.084 | −0.058 | −0.101 | −0.199 *** | −0.127 * |
Positive revaluation | 0.040 | 0.222 *** | −0.171 *** | −0.059 | −0.147 ** | −0.265 *** | −0.196 *** |
Acceptance | −0.010 | 0.098 | −0.099 | −0.049 | −0.043 | −0.086 | −0.085 |
Sense of humor | −0.002 | 0.050 | −0.099 | −0.089 | −0.058 | −0.040 | −0.108* |
Turning to religion | −0.053 | 0.154 ** | −0.044 | −0.003 | −0.022 | −0.102* | −0.060 |
Seeking emotional support | −0.062 | 0.224 *** | −0.010 | −0.012 | −0.062 | −0.196 *** | −0.085 |
Seeking instrumental support | −0.081 | 0.150 ** | 0.058 | 0.064 | −0.064 | −0.158 ** | −0.011 |
Dealing with other things | 0.038 | 0.000 | −0.011 | 0.120 * | 0.012 | 0.019 | 0.043 |
Denial | −0.004 | −0.071 | 0.178 *** | 0.215 *** | −0.036 | 0.070 | 0.162 ** |
Giving vent to one’s feelings | −0.032 | −0.089 | 0.164 *** | 0.294 *** | 0.064 | 0.146 ** | 0.231 *** |
Taking psychoactive substances | −0.017 | −0.151 ** | 0.121 * | 0.195 *** | 0.062 | 0.245 *** | 0.194 *** |
Doing nothing | −0.090 | −0.244 *** | 0.125 * | 0.156 ** | 0.136 ** | 0.277 *** | 0.198 *** |
Self-accusation | 0.005 | −0.319 *** | 0.237 *** | 0.393 *** | 0.225 *** | 0.477 *** | 0.427 *** |
INTEGRAL STRATEGIES | |||||||
Active coping | 0.110 * | 0.253 *** | −0.160 ** | −0.087 | −0.162 ** | −0.323 *** | −0.217 *** |
Helplessness | −0.030 | −0.322 *** | 0.213 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.200 *** | 0.472 *** | 0.386 *** |
Seeking support | −0.080 | 0.198 *** | 0.025 | 0.026 | −0.073 | −0.191 *** | −0.054 |
Avoidance behaviours | −0.013 | −0.091 | 0.173 *** | 0.312 *** | 0.030 | 0.124 * | 0.224 *** |
YKSUG (N = 405) | |||||||
Active coping | 0.053 | −0.053 | −0.051 | −0.093 | −0.129 ** | −0.160 *** | −0.152 ** |
Planning | 0.039 | −0.039 | −0.007 | −0.015 | −0.146 ** | −0.092 | −0.082 |
Positive revaluation | 0.064 | −0.069 | 0.032 | −0.046 | −0.041 | −0.146 ** | −0.074 |
Acceptance | 0.010 | 0.085 | 0.087 | 0.006 | 0.031 | 0.027 | 0.032 |
Sense of humor | 0.054 | 0.107 * | 0.084 | 0.050 | 0.074 | 0.068 | 0.076 |
Turning to religion | 0.017 | −0.019 | 0.155 ** | 0.163 *** | 0.064 | 0.100 * | 0.163 *** |
Seeking emotional support | 0.019 | −0.030 | 0.002 | −0.034 | −0.057 | −0.102 * | −0.072 |
Seeking instrumental support | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.036 | 0.012 | 0.011 | −0.054 | −0.010 |
Dealing with other things | 0.052 | 0.133 ** | 0.146 ** | 0.167 *** | 0.125 * | 0.122 * | 0.173 *** |
Denial | −0.011 | 0.186 *** | 0.162 *** | 0.190 *** | 0.125 * | 0.237 *** | 0.210 *** |
Giving vent to one’s feelings | −0.010 | 0.099 * | 0.195 *** | 0.153 ** | 0.146 ** | 0.102 * | 0.174 *** |
Taking psychoactive substances | 0.039 | 0.086 | 0.181 *** | 0.229 *** | 0.141** | 0.280 *** | 0.268 *** |
Doing nothing | −0.043 | 0.191 *** | 0.216 *** | 0.231 *** | 0.233 *** | 0.311 *** | 0.305 *** |
Self-accusation | −0.023 | 0.326 *** | 0.286 *** | 0.355 *** | 0.256 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.385 *** |
INTEGRAL STRATEGIES | |||||||
Active coping | 0.066 | −0.067 | −0.027 | −0.069 | −0.129** | −0.168*** | −0.134** |
Helplessness | −0.006 | 0.286 *** | 0.316 *** | 0.374 *** | 0.291 *** | 0.427 *** | 0.441 *** |
Seeking support | 0.022 | −0.010 | 0.013 | −0.018 | −0.028 | −0.086 | −0.050 |
Avoidance behaviours | 0.002 | 0.177 *** | 0.220 *** | 0.232 *** | 0.173 *** | 0.216 *** | 0.252 *** |
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Baj-Korpak, J.; Zaworski, K.; Szymczuk, E.; Shpakou, A. Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113994
Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113994
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaj-Korpak, Joanna, Kamil Zaworski, Ewa Szymczuk, and Andrei Shpakou. 2022. "Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113994