Accelerated PAH Transformation in the Presence of Dye Industry Landfill Leachate Combined with Fungal Membrane Lipid Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and LL
2.2. Microorganism and Growth Conditions
2.3. Growth of N. pironii in Medium with PAHs and LL
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.4.1. Extraction and Quantification of PAHs
2.4.2. Phospholipid Extraction and Analysis
2.4.3. Lipid Peroxidation Assay
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of the Landfill of the Former “Boruta” Dye Industry Plant and the LL
3.2. Growth of N. pironii in the Presence of PAHs and Elimination of PAHs
3.3. Influence of LL on N. pironii Growth and PAH Elimination
3.4. Influence of PAHs on Membrane Condition—Lipidomic Study
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date of Sampling | CODMang (N = 125) | TOC (N = 30) | Iron (N = 10) | Petroleum Hydrocarbons (N = 15) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg L−1 O2 | mg L−1 C | mg L−1 Fe | mg L−1 | |||||
L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | L1 | L2 | |
17 X 2017 | 564 ± 150 | 568 ± 151 | 787 ± 118 | 753 ± 113 | 61.5 ± 11.7 | 58.4 ± 11.1 | 3.01 ± 0.81 | 3.80 ± 1.03 |
09 X 2018 | 247 ± 66 | 251 ± 67 | 540 ± 99 | 525 ± 101 | 27.3 ± 5.2 | 26.2 ± 5.0 | 5.40 ± 1.36 | 14.0 ± 3.5 |
09 IV 2019 | 460 ± 122 | 488 ± 130 | 725 ± 133 | 765 ± 140 | 22.3 ± 4.2 | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 1.02 ± 0.26 | 0.60 ± 0.15 |
11 VII 2019 | 520 ± 138 | 494 ± 131 | 660 ± 176 | 672 ± 179 | 13.2 ± 2.5 | 13.1 ± 2.5 | 6.13 ± 1.54 | 4.82 ± 1.21 |
21 V 2020 | 426 ± 113 | 428 ± 114 | 799 ± 146 | 798 ± 146 | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 23.1 ± 4.4 | 3.12 ± 0.79 | 2.08 ± 0.52 |
16 XI 2020 | 522.8 ± 138.5 | 348.8 ± 92.4 | 826 ± 151 | 1040.5 ± 190.4 | 28.86 ± 5.48 | 30.88 ± 5.87 | 23.7 ± 7.6 | 7.2 ± 2.3 |
09 III 2021 | 448 ± 119 | 460.8 ± 122.6 | 274.2 ± 50.2 | 294.7 ± 53.9 | 57 ± 11 | 31 ± 5.9 | 52.2 ± 16.7 | 1.91 ± 0.61 |
07 IX 2021 | 444 ± 118 | 392 ± 104 | 437 ± 80 | 372 ± 68 | 39.1 ± 7.4 | 32.9 ± 6.3 | 17.0 ± 5.4 | 14.8 ± 4.7 |
Compound Name | Chemical Structure | Fragment Ion (m/z) | Precursor Ion (m/z) |
---|---|---|---|
protocatechuic acid (tms) | 193 281 355 | 370 | |
phthalic acid (tms) | 147 221 295 | 310 | |
terephthalic acid (tms) | 221 251 295 | 310 | |
p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (2 tms) | 252 281 | 296 |
PL Class | Control Biotic | L1 | PHE | PHE + L1 | B[a]A | B[a]A + L1 | B[a]P | B[a]P + L1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | 0.65 ± 0.02 | 1.96 ± 0.11 ** | 0.42 ± 0.02 * | 0.19 ± 0.01 ** | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.04 ** | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.07 |
PC | 36.15 ± 2.18 | 40.60 ± 2.54 * | 59.98 ± 1.75 ** | 68.43 ± 3.45 ** | 45.11 ± 1.45 ** | 42.06 ± 3.36 ** | 40.51 ± 3.54 * | 47.67 ± 2.39 * |
PE | 58.08 ± 2.36 | 52.45 ± 3.17 * | 38.48 ± 2.14 ** | 24.51 ± 1.19 ** | 51.26 ± 3.36 * | 48.09 ± 1.56 ** | 55.70 ± 4.25 | 45.49 ± 3.35 * |
PI | 5.12 ± 0.41 | 4.99 ± 0.18 | 1.12 ± 0.04 ** | 6.88 ± 0.23 | 2.92 ± 0.14 | 8.65 ± 0.37 ** | 3.37 ± 0.21 | 5.96 ± 0.46 |
PC/PE | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.03 | 1.56 ± 0.07 * | 2.79 ± 0.25 ** | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.04 | 1.05 ± 0.09 |
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Góralczyk-Bińkowska, A.; Długoński, A.; Bernat, P.; Długoński, J.; Jasińska, A. Accelerated PAH Transformation in the Presence of Dye Industry Landfill Leachate Combined with Fungal Membrane Lipid Changes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113997
Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Długoński A, Bernat P, Długoński J, Jasińska A. Accelerated PAH Transformation in the Presence of Dye Industry Landfill Leachate Combined with Fungal Membrane Lipid Changes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113997
Chicago/Turabian StyleGóralczyk-Bińkowska, Aleksandra, Andrzej Długoński, Przemysław Bernat, Jerzy Długoński, and Anna Jasińska. 2022. "Accelerated PAH Transformation in the Presence of Dye Industry Landfill Leachate Combined with Fungal Membrane Lipid Changes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113997