Prognostic Factor of Lower Limb Amputation among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of DFU Patients
3.2. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) | Censored | Amputation |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age at diagnosis of DFU (years) | 59.0 (10.0) * | ||
Age at diagnosis of DFU (years) | |||
Less than 60 | 175 (48.34) | 134 (76.6) | 41 (23.4) |
60 or more | 187 (51.66) | 162 (86.6) | 25 (13.4) |
Sex | |||
Male | 139 (38.4) | 116 (83.5) | 23 (16.5) |
Female | 223 (61.6) | 180 (80.7) | 43 (19.3) |
Ethnicity | |||
Malay | 350 (96.7) | 285 (81.4) | 65 (18.6) |
Non-Malay | 12 (3.3) | 11 (91.7) | 1 (8.3) |
Duration of DM at diagnosis DFU (years) | |||
Less than 10 | 211 (58.3) | 171 (81.0) | 40 (19.0) |
10 or more | 151 (41.7) | 125 (82.8) | 26 (17.2) |
Smoking status | |||
No | 296 (92.8) | 242 (81.8) | 54 (18.2) |
Yes | 23 (7.2) | 20 (87.0) | 3 (13.0) |
Body Mass Index | |||
Normal | 74 (23.0) | 58 (78.4) | 16 (21.6) |
Underweight | 14 (4.4) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) |
Overweight | 54 (16.8) | 45 (83.3) | 9 (16.7) |
Obese | 180 (55.9) | 158 (87.8) | 22 (12.2) |
Hba1c (%) | |||
Less than 6.5 | 39 (12.5) | 33 (84.5) | 6 (15.5) |
6.5 or more | 272 (87.5) | 222 (81.6) | 50 (18.4) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | |||
Less than 1.7 | 130 (44.5) | 107 (82.3) | 23(17.7) |
1.7 or more | 162 (55.5) | 131 (80.9) | 31(19.1) |
HDL-Cholesterol | |||
Normal | 170 (62.7) | 143 (84.1) | 27 (15.9) |
Abnormal | 101 (37.3) | 75 (74.3) | 26 (25.7) |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
Less than 2.6 | 66 (24.7) | 54 (81.8) | 12 (18.2) |
2.6 or more | 201 (75.3) | 161 (80.1) | 40 (19.9) |
Ischaemic Heart Disease | |||
No | 299 (87.9) | 246 (82.3) | 53 (17.7) |
Yes | 41 (12.1) | 30 (73.2) | 11 (26.8) |
Nephropathy | |||
No | 253 (73.1) | 209 (82.6) | 44 (17.4) |
Yes | 93 (26.9) | 73 (78.5) | 20 (21.5) |
Hypertension | |||
No | 67 (18.9) | 59 (88.1) | 8 (11.9) |
Yes | 287 (81.1) | 231 (80.5) | 56 (19.5) |
Dyslipidaemia | |||
No | 79 (22.4) | 67 (84.8) | 12 (15.2) |
Yes | 273 (77.6) | 220 (80.6) | 53 (19.4) |
Metformin | |||
No | 124 (34.3) | 99 (79.8) | 25 (20.2) |
Yes | 238 (65.7) | 197 (82.8) | 41 (17.2) |
Sulphonylurea | |||
No | 255 (70.4) | 201 (78.8) | 54 (21.2) |
Yes | 107 (29.6) | 95 (88.8) | 12 (11.2) |
Insulin | |||
No | 132 (36.5) | 114 (86.4) | 18 (13.6) |
Yes | 230 (63.5) | 182 (79.1) | 48 (20.9) |
Statin | |||
No | 86 (23.8) | 72 (83.7) | 14 (16.3) |
Yes | 276 (76.2) | 224 (81.2) | 52 (18.8) |
Variables | Regression Coefficient (β) | Crude Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Wald Stats | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 0.18 | 1.20 (0.72, 2.00) | 0.49 | 0.485 |
Age at diagnosis of DFU (years) | ||||
Less than 60 | 1 | |||
60 or more | −0.61 | 0.54 (0.33, 0.89) | 5.79 | 0.016 |
Ethnic | ||||
Malay | 1 | |||
Non-Malay | −0.85 | 0.43 (0.06, 3.08) | 0.71 | 0.398 |
Duration of DM at diagnosis of DFU | ||||
Less than 10 | 1 | |||
10 years and more | −0.06 | 0.94 (0.57, 1.54) | 0.07 | 0.798 |
BMI | ||||
Normal | 1 | |||
Underweight | −0.69 | 1.98 (0.78, 5.07) | 2.05 | 0.153 |
Overweight | −0.27 | 0.76 (0.34, 1.72) | 0.43 | 0.512 |
Obese | −0.63 | 0.53 (0.28, 1.01) | 3.69 | 0.055 |
Hba1c (%) | ||||
Less than 6.5 | 1 | |||
6.5 or more | 0.19 | 1.21 (0.52, 2.82) | 0.19 | 0.661 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | ||||
Less than 1.7 | 1 | |||
1.7 or more | 0.06 | 1.06 (0.62, 1.82) | 0.05 | 0.828 |
HDL-Cholesterol | ||||
Normal | 1 | |||
Abnormal | 0.52 | 1.69 (0.99, 2.90) | 3.64 | 0.056 |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
Less than 2.6 | 1 | |||
2.6 or more | 0.10 | 1.10 (0.58, 2.09) | 0.08 | 0.773 |
Smoking Status | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | −0.32 | 0.72(0.23, 2.32) | 0.30 | 0.586 |
Ischaemic Heart Disease | ||||
Absent | 1 | |||
Present | 0.44 | 1.55 (0.81, 2.96) | 1.74 | 0.187 |
Nephropathy | ||||
Absent | 1 | |||
Present | 0.24 | 1.28 (0.75, 2.17) | 0.81 | 0.368 |
Hypertension | ||||
Absent | 1 | |||
Present | 0.53 | 1.71 (0.81, 3.58) | 1.99 | 0.158 |
Dyslipidaemia | ||||
Absent | 1 | |||
Present | 0.24 | 1.27 (0.68, 2.37) | 0.55 | 0.457 |
Metformin | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | −0.17 | 0.84 (0.51, 1.39) | 0.46 | 0.499 |
Sulphonylurea | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | −0.69 | 0.50 (0.27, 0.94) | 4.70 | 0.030 |
Insulin | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.47 | 1.59 (0.93, 2.74) | 2.83 | 0.093 |
Statin | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.13 | 1.13 (0.63, 2.05) | 0.173 | 0.677 |
Variables | Regression Coefficient (β) | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Wald Stats | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis of DFU (years) | ||||
Less than 60 | 1 | |||
60 or more | −0.73 | 0.48 (0.27, 0.89) | 5.52 | 0.019 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Normal | 1 | |||
Underweight | 0.77 | 2.17 (0.78, 6.07) | 2.17 | 0.140 |
Overweight | −0.39 | 0.68 (0.28, 1.62) | 0.77 | 0.381 |
Obese | −0.81 | 0.45 (0.22, 0.89) | 5.22 | 0.039 |
HDL-Cholesterol | ||||
Normal | 1 | |||
Abnormal | 0.78 | 2.18 (1.21, 3.92) | 4.55 | 0.009 |
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Rosedi, A.; Hairon, S.M.; Abdullah, N.H.; Yaacob, N.A. Prognostic Factor of Lower Limb Amputation among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114212
Rosedi A, Hairon SM, Abdullah NH, Yaacob NA. Prognostic Factor of Lower Limb Amputation among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114212
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosedi, Anas, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Noor Hashimah Abdullah, and Nor Azwany Yaacob. 2022. "Prognostic Factor of Lower Limb Amputation among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114212