Elevated Risk of Overweight/Obesity-Related Markers and Low Muscular Fitness in Children Attending Public Schools in Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Subjects, and Setting
2.2. Instruments and Data Collection
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Overweight/Obesity-Related Markers
4.2. Blood Pressure
4.3. Muscular Fitness
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Years) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.0–6.9 | 7.0–7.9 | 8.0–8.9 | 9.0–9.9 | 10.0–10.9 | 11.0–11.9 | 12.0–12.9 | 13.0–13.9 | 14.0–14.9 | |
n (girls/boys) | 61/55 | 80/70 | 92/76 | 92/89 | 80/94 | 101/98 | 88/98 | 93/89 | 26/28 |
Body fat at 75th percentile (%) | |||||||||
Girls | 23.2 | 25.6 | 26.1 | 27.1 | 27.2 | 30.6 | 31.1 | 32.1 | 33.1 |
Boys | 22.5 | 22.5 | 27.4 | 25.6 | 29.7 | 30.1 | 30.0 | 28.9 | 25.9 |
Handgrip strength at 25th percentile (kg) | |||||||||
Girls | 8.5 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 14.5 | 16.7 | 18.5 | 19.9 | 20.5 |
Boys | 9.0 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 12.9 | 14.8 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 23.6 | 25.3 |
Standing long jump at 25th percentile (cm) | |||||||||
Girls | 81.0 | 86.0 | 93.2 | 103.0 | 103.0 | 105.5 | 109.2 | 113.5 | 105.0 |
Boys | 84.0 | 92.7 | 99.2 | 105.5 | 112.7 | 118.0 | 125.0 | 136.0 | 144.7 |
All | Public | Subsidized | Private | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 697 | 173 | 403 | 121 |
Age (years) | 10.6 (8.6–12.4) | 10.3 (8.5–12.3) | 10.8 (8.8–12.5) | 10.1 (7.9–12.1) |
Weight (kg) | 39.7 (31.1–50.9) | 38.6 (30.0–51.3) | 40.5 (31.6–51.2) | 37.8 (30.7–49.4) |
Height (cm) | 142.5 (131.8–154.8) | 140.0 (128.9–152.2) | 143.5 (133.0–156.6) * | 141.1 (132.0–153.9) |
BMI Z-scores | 1.07 (0.22–1.92) | 1.29 (0.25–2.08) | 1.03 (0.19–1.90) | 1.13 (0.20–1.68) |
Overweight/obesity (%) | 52.8 | 56.6 | 51.1 | 52.9 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 67.3 (61.0–75.0) | 67.8 (60.4–76.5) | 67.3 (61.5–75.3) | 66.1 (60.6–72.9) |
Elevated waist circumference (%) | 35.4 | 40.5 | 34.0 | 33.1 |
Body fat (%) | 21.6 (15.8–28.0) | 22.1 (15.3–27.8) | 21.1 (15.9–28.1) | 21.1 (16.4–28.0) |
Elevated body fat (%) | 24.4 | 24.9 | 23.3 | 27.3 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 98.0 (90.0–104.0) | 98.0 (90.0–105.0) | 98.0 (90.0–103.0) | 97.0 (90.0–106.0) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 55.0 (50.0–60.0) | 57.0 (50.0–60.0) | 54.0 (50.0–60.0) | 53.0 (49.0–60.0) |
Elevated blood pressure (%) | 6.3 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 3.3 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 17.0 (13.0–22.3) | 16.5 (12.1–21.5) | 17.4 (13.4–23.0) | 17.0 (12.5–22.0) |
Low handgrip strength (%) | 26.7 | 33.5 # | 25.8 # | 19.8 # |
Standing long jump (cm) | 125.0 (110–142) | 123.0 (104.5–138.0) | 127.0 (111.0–143.0) | 124.0 (105.5–146.0) |
Low standing long jump (%) | 25.4 | 30.1 | 24.8 | 20.7 |
All | Public | Subsidized | Private | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 713 | 186 | 423 | 104 |
Age (years) | 10.4 (8.4–12.2) | 10.2 (8.2–12.3) | 10.6 (8.6–12.3) | 9.8 (8.2–12.2) |
Weight (kg) | 38.8 (30.1–49.3) | 38.2 (30.5–49.3) | 39.5 (30.5–50.1) | 37.6 (28.3–46.9) |
Height (cm) | 141.8 (131.0–153.0) | 139.3 (128.1–151.7) | 143.5 (131.7–153.6) | 141.4 (130.9–153.2) |
BMI Z-scores | 0.95 (0.14–1.68) | 1.24 (0.47–1.90) | 0.91 (0.06–1.66) ** | 0.61 (–0.07–1.36) **$$ |
Overweight/obesity (%) | 48.0 | 57.7 ## | 46.1 ## | 38.5 ## |
Waist circumference (cm) | 66.3 (60.2–73.6) | 67.0 (61.9–75.3) | 66.8 (60.0–74.0) | 63.7 (58.3–68.9) **$ |
Elevated waist circumference (%) | 34.6 | 43.0 ## | 33.8 ## | 23.1 ## |
Body fat (%) | 23.9 (19.6–27.9) | 23.9 (19.2–28.3) | 24.4 (19.6–29.2) | 23.0 (19.7–26.4) |
Elevated body fat (%) | 24.5 | 29.6 ₸ | 23.9 ₸ | 18.3 ₸ |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 95.0 (90.0–102.0) | 96.0 (88.0–101.0) | 97.0 (90.0–103.0) | 91.0 (88.0–100.0) $ |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 54.0 (50.0–60.0) | 53.0 (49.0–60.0) | 55.0 (50.0–60.0) | 55.0 (50.0–60.0) |
Elevated blood pressure (%) | 6.3 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 6.7 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 16.0 (12.2–21.3) | 15.5 (11.8–19.7) | 16.6 (12.6–21.9) & | 15.0 (11.5–20.1) |
Low handgrip strength (%) | 25.7 | 30.6 # | 22.2 # | 30.8 # |
Standing long jump (cm) | 111.0 (97.0–125.0) | 107.0 (93.0–120.0) | 111.0 (98.0–124.0) * | 117.5 (103.2–131.7) **$ |
Low standing long jump (%) | 25.5 | 32.3 ## | 25.3 ## | 14.4 ## |
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Suárez-Reyes, M.; Fernández-Verdejo, R.; Salazar, G. Elevated Risk of Overweight/Obesity-Related Markers and Low Muscular Fitness in Children Attending Public Schools in Chile. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114213
Suárez-Reyes M, Fernández-Verdejo R, Salazar G. Elevated Risk of Overweight/Obesity-Related Markers and Low Muscular Fitness in Children Attending Public Schools in Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114213
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuárez-Reyes, Mónica, Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo, and Gabriela Salazar. 2022. "Elevated Risk of Overweight/Obesity-Related Markers and Low Muscular Fitness in Children Attending Public Schools in Chile" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114213