Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution and Assessment of a Karst Basin around a Mine, Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Water Quality Index
2.5. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Component Analysis
4.2. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Dissolved Heavy Metals
4.3. Dissolved Heavy Metals in Sidi River and Other Rivers
4.4. Water Quality Index and Health Risk Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Surface Water | Ground Water | China [34] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Min | Mean | Median | SD | Max | Min | Mean | Median | SD | ||
pH | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 7.58 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 6.5~8.5 |
TDS (mg/L) | 204.9 | 73.2 | 123.5 | 115.6 | 41.4 | 263.8 | 193.6 | 227 | 223.6 | 21.8 | 1000 |
K+ (mg/L) | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 5 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.8 | |
Na+ (mg/L) | 3 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 5.7 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2 | 200 |
Ca2+ (mg/L) | 69.9 | 22.2 | 31.3 | 29.9 | 13.8 | 98 | 61.9 | 75.9 | 69.2 | 14 | |
Mg2+ (mg/L) | 14.8 | 5.2 | 9 | 8 | 3.3 | 29.6 | 5.6 | 15.9 | 15.3 | 8.1 | |
SO42− (mg/L) | 142.2 | 12.8 | 44.1 | 34.6 | 36.9 | 16.3 | 4.9 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 3.2 | 250 |
HCO3− (mg/L) | 242.5 | 56.6 | 90.6 | 66.7 | 54 | 347.6 | 231.4 | 282.5 | 282.9 | 33.2 | |
Cl− (mg/L) | 6.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.7 | 12.3 | 1 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 250 |
NO3− (mg/L) | 13.4 | 1.9 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 37.4 | 3.5 | 15.1 | 13.5 | 10.2 | 20 |
Cu (μg/L) | 4.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1000 |
Pb (μg/L) | 132 | 0.1 | 26.1 | 1.7 | 41 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
Zn (μg/L) | 2057 | 2.1 | 547 | 335 | 613.1 | 7.5 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 1000 |
Cd (μg/L) | 16 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 5 |
Mn (μg/L) | 97.5 | 0.3 | 13.6 | 2.3 | 28.3 | 11.1 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 9.8 | 100 |
Fe (μg/L) | 120 | 4 | 24.5 | 6.9 | 34.6 | 31 | 4 | 15 | 15 | 3.7 | 300 |
As (μg/L) | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
Cr (μg/L) | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 50 |
Sr (μg/L) | 171 | 33 | 91.2 | 90.8 | 35.6 | 60.9 | 14.9 | 32.5 | 30.7 | 14.9 |
K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Mn | Fe | As | Cr | Sr | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K+ | 1 | ||||||||||||
Na+ | 0.913 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
Ca2+ | 0.427 | 0.350 | 1 | ||||||||||
Mg2+ | −0.142 | −0.236 | 0.342 | 1 | |||||||||
Cu | −0.056 | −0.034 | −0.405 | −0.082 | 1 | ||||||||
Pb | −0.164 | −0.111 | −0.331 | 0.053 | 0.930 ** | 1 | |||||||
Zn | −0.221 | −0.149 | −0.450 | −0.009 | 0.905 ** | 0.954 ** | 1 | ||||||
Cd | −0.246 | −0.163 | −0.496* | −0.038 | 0.874 ** | 0.939 ** | 0.995 ** | 1 | |||||
Mn | 0.033 | 0.046 | −0.117 | 0.095 | 0.904 ** | 0.831 ** | 0.779 ** | 0.719 ** | 1 | ||||
Fe | 0.247 | 0.222 | 0.018 | 0.102 | 0.792 ** | 0.698 ** | 0.613 ** | 0.546 * | 0.948 ** | 1 | |||
As | 0.212 | 0.152 | −0.261 | −0.106 | 0.868 ** | 0.714 ** | 0.683 ** | 0.639 ** | 0.895 ** | 0.890 ** | 1 | ||
Cr | 0.273 | 0.195 | 0.917 ** | 0.641 ** | −0.459 | −0.375 | −0.492 * | −0.539 * | −0.162 | −0.042 | −0.354 | 1 | |
Sr | −0.153 | −0.043 | −0.486 * | −0.387 | 0.835 ** | 0.807 ** | 0.884 ** | 0.901 ** | 0.614 ** | 0.454 | 0.648 ** | −0.442 * | 1 |
Parameter | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | Communalities |
---|---|---|---|---|
K+ | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.95 | 0.92 |
Na+ | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.89 |
Ca2+ | −0.21 | 0.80 | 0.39 | 0.84 |
Mg2+ | 0.12 | 0.81 | −0.35 | 0.80 |
Cu | 0.95 | −0.24 | −0.04 | 0.96 |
Pb | 0.93 | −0.14 | −0.18 | 0.92 |
Zn | 0.89 | −0.27 | −0.23 | 0.93 |
Cd | 0.85 | −0.33 | −0.26 | 0.90 |
Mn | 0.96 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.94 |
Fe | 0.89 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.89 |
As | 0.88 | −0.15 | 0.24 | 0.85 |
Cr | −0.25 | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.98 |
Sr | 0.72 | −0.46 | −0.10 | 0.96 |
Eigenvalues (%) | 7.08 | 2.78 | 1.91 | |
Variance (%) | 55.42 | 21.41 | 14.72 | |
Cumulative (%) | 55.42 | 75.83 | 90.55 |
Rivers | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Mn | Fe | As | Cr | Sr | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sidi River, China | 0.8 | 1.7 | 335.0 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 6.9 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 90.8 | This study |
Lijiang River, China | 0.66 | 0.05 | 14.81 | 0.02 | 23.96 | — | 1.13 | 1.62 | — | [19] |
Xijiang River, China | 1.01 | 0.1 | 1.82 | 0.01 | 0.30 | — | — | 0.33 | 259 | [20] |
Pearl River, China | 1.09 | 0.08 | 3.61 | 0.04 | 1.06 | — | — | 1.70 | — | [57] |
Huanghe River, China | 4.2 | 3.9 | 24.8 | 0.05 | — | — | 1.9 | — | — | [58] |
Huai River, China | 52.3 | 155 | 10504 | 61.7 | 49.0 | 441 | 23.1 | — | [18] | |
Changjiang River, China | 8.40 | 6.40 | 18.75 | 0.28 | — | 1660 | 7.00 | 8.90 | — | [59] |
Catalan River, Spain | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.2 | — | — | 2.9 | 2.4 | — | [60] |
Trinity River, USA | 1.2 | 0.03 | — | 0.01 | 4.2 | 5.8 | — | — | — | [61] |
To Lich River, Vietnam | 4.5 | 8.1 | 51.1 | — | 216 | — | 39.1 | 2.9 | — | [62] |
Damodar River, India | 18 | 10 | 89 | 9 | 33 | — | — | 16 | — | [63] |
World average | 1.48 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 60.0 | [56] |
PC | Eigenvalues | Relative Eigenvalue | Parameter | Loading Value | Relative Loading Value on the Same PC | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 7.08 | 0.60 | Cu | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Pb | 0.93 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |||
Zn | 0.89 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |||
Cd | 0.85 | 0.12 | 0.07 | |||
Mn | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.08 | |||
Fe | 0.89 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |||
As | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.07 | |||
Sr | 0.72 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |||
Total | 7.07 | 1.00 | 0.60 | |||
F2 | 2.78 | 0.24 | Ca2+ | 0.8 | 0.31 | 0.07 |
Mg2+ | 0.81 | 0.32 | 0.08 | |||
Cr | 0.94 | 0.37 | 0.09 | |||
Total | 2.55 | 1 | 0.24 | |||
F3 | 1.91 | 0.16 | K+ | 0.95 | 0.50 | 0.08 |
Na+ | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.08 | |||
Total | 1.89 | 1.00 | 0.16 | |||
Total | 11.77 | 1.00 |
Element | Kp [32,67] | RfDingestion [21] (μg/kg/day) | RfDdermal [21] (μg/kg/day) | HQingestion | HQdermal | HI = ΣHQs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | ||||
River water | |||||||||
Cu | 1 × 10−3 | 40 | 12 | 3.36 × 10−4 | 3.49 × 10−4 | 1.03 × 10−5 | 2.11 × 10−5 | 3.46 × 10−4 | 3.70 × 10−4 |
Pb | 1 × 10−4 | 1.4 | 0.42 | 4.23 × 10−3 | 4.40 × 10−3 | 6.31 × 10−5 | 1.29 × 10−4 | 4.30 × 10−3 | 4.53 × 10−3 |
Zn | 6 × 10−4 | 300 | 60 | 6.57 × 10−3 | 6.87 × 10−3 | 5.15 × 10−4 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 7.08 × 10−3 | 7.93 × 10−3 |
Cd | 1 × 10−3 | 0.5 | 0.025 | 9.96 × 10−3 | 1.04 × 10−2 | 2.08 × 10−3 | 4.28 × 10−3 | 1.20 × 10−2 | 1.46 × 10−2 |
Mn | 1 × 10−3 | 24 | 0.96 | 1.72 × 10−4 | 1.79 × 10−4 | 3.75 × 10−5 | 7.69 × 10−5 | 2.09 × 10−4 | 2.56 × 10−4 |
Fe | 1 × 10−3 | 700 | 140 | 4.07 × 10−6 | 4.24 × 10−6 | 7.60 × 10−7 | 1.57 × 10−6 | 4.83 × 10−6 | 5.81 × 10−6 |
As | 3 × 10−2 | 0.3 | 0.285 | 2.80 × 10−2 | 2.91 × 10−2 | 1.62 × 10−4 | 3.33 × 10−4 | 2.82 × 10−2 | 2.94 × 10−2 |
Cr | 1 × 10−3 | 3 | 0.075 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 3.08 × 10−4 | 6.34 × 10−4 | 4.95 × 10−4 | 8.27 × 10−4 |
Sr | 1 × 10−3 | 600 | 120 | 4.15 × 10−3 | 6.19 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−4 | 3.18 × 10−4 | 4.26 × 10−3 | 6.51 × 10−3 |
Groundwater | |||||||||
Cu | 1 × 10−3 | 40 | 12 | 8.40 × 10−5 | 8.72 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−6 | 5.29 × 10−6 | 8.66 × 10−5 | 9.25 × 10−5 |
Pb | 1 × 10−4 | 1.4 | 0.42 | 2.49 × 10−4 | 2.59 × 10−4 | 3.71 × 10−6 | 7.61 × 10−6 | 2.53 × 10−4 | 2.67 × 10−4 |
Zn | 6 × 10−4 | 300 | 60 | 2.16 × 10−5 | 2.26 × 10−5 | 1.69 × 10−6 | 3.48 × 10−6 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 2.60 × 10−5 |
Cd | 1 × 10−3 | 0.5 | 0.025 | 2.93 × 10−4 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 6.13 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−4 | 3.54 × 10−4 | 4.31 × 10−4 |
Mn | 1 × 10−3 | 24 | 0.96 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 4.07 × 10−5 | 8.36 × 10−5 | 2.28 × 10−4 | 2.78 × 10−4 |
Fe | 1 × 10−3 | 700 | 140 | 8.85 × 10−6 | 9.22 × 10−6 | 1.65 × 10−6 | 3.40 × 10−6 | 1.05 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−5 |
As | 3 × 10−2 | 0.3 | 0.285 | 9.34 × 10−3 | 9.70 × 10−3 | 5.41 × 10−5 | 1.11 × 10−4 | 9.39 × 10−3 | 9.82 × 10−3 |
Cr | 1 × 10−3 | 3 | 0.075 | 9.73 × 10−4 | 1.01 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 3.29 × 10−3 | 2.57 × 10−3 | 4.30 × 10−3 |
Sr | 1 × 10−3 | 600 | 120 | 1.40 × 10−3 | 2.09 × 10−3 | 3.66 × 10−5 | 1.08 × 10−4 | 1.44 × 10−3 | 2.20 × 10−3 |
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Liao, H.-W.; Jiang, Z.-C.; Zhou, H.; Qin, X.-Q.; Huang, Q.-B.; Zhong, L.; Pu, Z.-G. Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution and Assessment of a Karst Basin around a Mine, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114293
Liao H-W, Jiang Z-C, Zhou H, Qin X-Q, Huang Q-B, Zhong L, Pu Z-G. Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution and Assessment of a Karst Basin around a Mine, Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114293
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Hong-Wei, Zhong-Cheng Jiang, Hong Zhou, Xiao-Qun Qin, Qi-Bo Huang, Liang Zhong, and Zheng-Gong Pu. 2022. "Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution and Assessment of a Karst Basin around a Mine, Southwest China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114293