Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and General Characteristics of Cases and Controls
3.2. Possibility of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Cases and Controls
3.3. Predictors of Infections with SARS-CoV-2 in Cases and Controls
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | ||
Patients | 51 | 102 | |
Gender | |||
Female | 38 (74.5) | 58 (56.9) | |
Male | 13 (25.5) | 44 (43.1) | |
Age, years | |||
Median (IQR) | 22 (20, 24) | 21.5 (20, 24) | |
Faculty area | |||
Non-healthcare area | 29 (56.9) | 64 (62.7) | |
Healthcare area | 22 (43.1) | 38 (37.3) | |
Year of study | |||
First year | 15 (29.4) | 30 (29.4) | |
Second and above years | 36 (70.6) | 72 (70.6) | |
Type of housing | |||
With family | 41 (80.4) | 72 (70.6) | |
With other roommates/university accommodation/alone | 10 (19.6) | 30 (29.4) | |
Roommates under 18 years of age | |||
No | 39 (76.5) | 85 (83.3) | |
Yes | 12 (23.5) | 17 (16.7) | |
No. of roommates | |||
0 or 1 | 7 (13.7) | 14 (13.7) | |
2 | 16 (31.4) | 29 (28.4) | |
3 | 12 (23.5) | 36 (35.3) | |
4 and more | 16 (31.4) | 23 (22.5) | |
Frail roommates | |||
No | 40 (78.4) | 77 (75.5) | |
Yes | 11 (21.6) | 25 (24.5) | |
In-person working roommates | |||
No | 7 (13.7) | 22 (21.6) | |
Yes | 44 (86.3) | 80 (78.4) | |
Coexisting condition | |||
No | 43 (84.3) | 80 (78.4) | |
At least one | 8 (15.7) | 22 (21.6) | |
Adherence to preventive measures (face mask and hand hygiene) | |||
Never/Rarely/Sometimes | 2 (3.9) | 6 (5.9) | |
Often/Always | 49 (96.1) | 96 (94.1) | |
Contact with known case or with person with ILI symptoms | |||
No | 16 (31.4) | 76 (74.5) | |
Yes | 35 (68.6) | 26 (25.5) |
N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Cases (n = 51) | Controls (n = 102) | |
University activities | ||
Attended practical activities or libraries on campus | 21 (41.2) | 52 (51.0) |
Consumed food in bars and canteens in common areas on campus | 34 (66.7) | 74 (75.5) |
Transport and travel activities | ||
Used public transport | 31 (60.8) | 54 (52.9) |
Used car-sharing services | 0 (0.0) | 9 (8.8) |
Long-range travel | 11 (21.6) | 22 (21.6) |
Stayed in hotels | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.9) |
Social life activities | ||
Consumed food at bars or restaurants | 34 (66.7) | 74 (72.5) |
Visited pubs and clubs | 9 (17.6) | 14 (13.7) |
Visited gyms or swimming pools | 9 (17.6) | 19 (18.6) |
Visited museums, cinemas, or theatres | 1 (2.0) | 6 (5.9) |
Participated in private parties or ceremonies | 11 (21.6) | 14 (13.7) |
Visited beauty salons or hairdressers | 15 (29.4) | 32 (31.4) |
Visited banks or post offices | 1 (2.0) | 23 (22.5) |
Visited shopping malls | 14 (27.5) | 37 (36.3) |
Visited places of worship | 5 (9.8) | 13 (12.7) |
Hosted (by) others outside their own family | 31 (60.8) | 72 (70.6) |
Personal life activities | ||
Attended lessons or libraries off campus | 1 (2.0) | 8 (7.8) |
Did volunteer activities | 2 (3.9) | 3 (2.9) |
Carried out in-person work activity | 5 (9.8) | 17 (16.7) |
Accessed healthcare services | 7 (13.7) | 27 (26.5) |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
General characteristics | ||||||
Faculty type (healthcare vs. non-healthcare) | 0.56 | 0.17–1.81 | 0.332 § | |||
Year of university attendance (second year and above vs. first year) | 2.00 | 0.48–8.29 | 0.337 § | 17.7 | 2.21–142.82 | 0.007 |
Adherence to preventive measures (often/always vs. never/rarely/sometimes) | 1.00 | 0.14–7.08 | 0.998 | |||
Type of housing (shared apartment/campus accommodation/living alone vs. living with family) | 0.36 | 0.11–1.16 | 0.087 § | 0.08 | 0.01–0.54 | 0.009 |
No. of roommates (Ref: 0 or 1) | ||||||
2 | 1.40 | 0.38–5.14 | 0.608 | |||
3 | 0.68 | 0.15–2.96 | 0.603 | |||
4 or more | 1.70 | 0.41–7.07 | 0.465 | |||
Roommates under 18 years of age (yes) | 2.00 | 0.57–7.04 | 0.280 § | |||
In-person working roommate (yes) | 1.84 | 0.47–7.16 | 0.380 | |||
Campus activities | ||||||
Attended practical training or libraries on campus (yes) | 0.48 | 0.19–1.18 | 0.111 § | 0.29 | 0.08–0.97 | 0.045 |
Consumed food in bars and canteens in common areas on campus (yes) | 1.24 | 0.49–3.15 | 0.652 | |||
Transport and travel activities | ||||||
Used city public transportation (yes) | 1.29 | 0.53–3.14 | 0.581 § | |||
Used car-sharing services (yes) | NA | NA | NA | |||
Long-range travel (yes) | 0.68 | 0.22–2.17 | 0.519 | |||
Stayed in hotels (yes) | NA | NA | NA | |||
Social lifeactivities | ||||||
Consumed food in bars or restaurants (yes) | 0.70 | 0.29–1.67 | 0.429 § | |||
Visited pubs or clubs (yes) | 0.76 | 0.21–2.71 | 0.669 | |||
Visited gyms or swimming pools (yes) | 1.23 | 0.43–3.49 | 0.702 | |||
Visited museums, cinemas, or theatres (yes) | 0.23 | 0.02–2.86 | 0.253 § | |||
Participated in private parties or ceremonies (yes) | 4.86 | 1.34–17.63 | 0.016 § | 15.9 | 2.30–109.67 | 0.005 |
Visited beauty salons or hairdressers (yes) | 1.00 | 0.41–2.45 | 0.996 | |||
Visited banks or post offices (yes) | 0.09 | 0.01–0.81 | 0.032 § | 0.09 | 0.01–1.06 | 0.056 |
Visited shopping malls (yes) | 0.78 | 0.32–1.88 | 0.579 | |||
Visited places of worship (yes) | 0.68 | 0.20–2.34 | 0.544 | |||
Hosted (by) others outside their own family (yes) | 0.38 | 0.14–1.05 | 0.063 § | |||
Private lifeactivities | ||||||
Did volunteer work (yes) | 2.30 | 0.27–20.2 | 0.452 | |||
Carried out in-person work activity (yes) | 0.48 | 0.12–1.92 | 0.301 § | |||
Attended courses or libraries outside campus (yes) | 0.22 | 0.02–2.66 | 0.234 § | |||
Accessed healthcare services (yes) | 0.52 | 0.16–1.68 | 0.275 § | 0.25 | 0.05–1.35 | 0.106 |
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Migliara, G.; Renzi, E.; Baccolini, V.; Cerri, A.; Donia, P.; Massimi, A.; Marzuillo, C.; De Vito, C.; Casini, L.; Polimeni, A.; et al. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376
Migliara G, Renzi E, Baccolini V, Cerri A, Donia P, Massimi A, Marzuillo C, De Vito C, Casini L, Polimeni A, et al. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376
Chicago/Turabian StyleMigliara, Giuseppe, Erika Renzi, Valentina Baccolini, Ambrogio Cerri, Pierluigi Donia, Azzurra Massimi, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Leandro Casini, Antonella Polimeni, and et al. 2022. "Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in University Students: A Case-Control Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114376