Sense of Control and Depression during Public Health Restrictions and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Current Studies
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Context
2.3. Participants
2.3.1. Time 1 Participants
2.3.2. Time 1 and 2 Participants
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Beck Depression Inventory BDI: [21]
2.4.2. Sense of Control Scale SOC: [24]
2.4.3. Experience of Public Health Restrictions PHR: [7]
Restriction Impact (0–50)
Restriction Number
Time 1 versus Time 2 Adaptation
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Time 1 Results
3.1.1. Descriptive Measures
3.1.2. BDI Category, the Sense of Control and Perception of Restrictions
3.1.3. H1. Joint Effects of Predictors on Probability of Being in High BDI Group
3.2. Time 2 Results
3.2.1. Descriptive Measures
3.2.2. H2. Time 1 versus Time 2
3.2.3. H3. Effect of Time 1 Measures on Probability of High BDI at Time 2
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Strengths
4.2. Implications for Mental Health
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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BDI Category | Low BDI | High BDI | Independent t-Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variables | M | SE | 95% | 95% | M | SE | 95% | 95% | |
LCL | UCL | LCL | UCL | ||||||
Mastery | 5.53 | 0.08 | 5.38 | 5.68 | 4.64 | 0.08 | 4.48 | 4.79 | 7.61 * |
Constraints | 5.15 | 0.08 | 4.99 | 5.31 | 3.76 | 0.07 | 3.61 | 3.9 | 12.48 * |
Restriction Impact | 29.03 | 0.89 | 27.26 | 30.8 | 34.08 | 0.71 | 32.69 | 35.48 | 4.42 * |
Restrictions Number | 7.27 | 0.38 | 6.52 | 8.02 | 9.8 | 0.25 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 5.77 * |
Variables | B | SE | Wald | df | p | Exp(B) | ESw |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Restrictions number | 0.104 | 0.043 | 5.79 | 1 | 0.016 | 1.11 | 0.136 |
2. Constraints | −2.117 | 0.281 | 56.79 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.425 |
3. Mastery × Restrictions Impact | −0.017 | 0.006 | 8.1 | 1 | 0.004 | −0.017 | 0.161 |
4. Constraints × Restrictions Impact | 0.028 | 0.008 | 11.83 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.028 | 0.194 |
Constant | 7.965 | 1.153 | 47.73 | 1 | <0.001 | 2877.17 |
BDI | Low BDI | High BDI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | M | SE | LCL | UCL | M | SE | LCL | UCL | F | p |
Mastery | 5.70 | 0.17 | 5.35 | 6.05 | 4.69 | 0.26 | 4.14 | 5.24 | 11.39 | 0.002 |
Constraint | 5.56 | 0.16 | 5.22 | 5.89 | 3.85 | 0.26 | 3.3 | 4.39 | 34.72 | <0.001 |
Impact | 31.93 | 1.26 | 29.37 | 34.50 | 31.53 | 2.86 | 25.47 | 37.59 | 0.02 | 0.882 |
Number | 7.23 | 0.77 | 5.67 | 8.80 | 7.94 | 0.78 | 6.29 | 9.59 | 0.36 | 0.551 |
Predictor | Time | M | SE | LCL | UCL | F | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDI | 1 | 12.51 | 1.34 | 9.81 | 15.21 | 9.12 | 0.004 | 0.45 |
2 | 9.88 | 1.25 | 7.36 | 12.39 | ||||
Mastery | 1 | 5.20 | 0.16 | 4.88 | 5.52 | 1.70 | 0.199 | −0.19 |
2 | 5.34 | 0.16 | 5.02 | 5.66 | ||||
Constraints | 1 | 4.64 | 0.18 | 4.29 | 5.00 | 7.79 | 0.008 | −0.41 |
2 | 4.94 | 0.18 | 4.57 | 5.31 | ||||
Impact | 1 | 32.68 | 1.38 | 29.9 | 35.47 | 0.49 | 0.486 | 0.10 |
2 | 31.79 | 1.29 | 29.19 | 34.38 | ||||
Number | 1 | 8.49 | 0.63 | 7.22 | 9.75 | 5.78 | 0.020 | 0.33 |
2 | 7.50 | 0.56 | 6.36 | 8.62 |
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Msetfi, R.; Kornbrot, D.; Halbrook, Y.J.; Senan, S. Sense of Control and Depression during Public Health Restrictions and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14429. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114429
Msetfi R, Kornbrot D, Halbrook YJ, Senan S. Sense of Control and Depression during Public Health Restrictions and the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14429. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114429
Chicago/Turabian StyleMsetfi, Rachel, Diana Kornbrot, Yemaya J. Halbrook, and Salha Senan. 2022. "Sense of Control and Depression during Public Health Restrictions and the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14429. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114429