Long-Term Trends in Changes in Physical and Motor Development Observed among Physiotherapy Students from Bydgoszcz in 2011–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Procedure and Instruments
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
S♂
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Years of Study | n (%) | Age (Mean ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Women | Men | All | Women | Men | |
2011 | 80 | 52 (65.0) | 28 (35.0) | 20.36 ± 0.83 | 20.23 ± 0.50 | 20.61 ± 1.20 |
2012 | 96 | 66 (68.7) | 30 (31.3) | 20.33 ± 0.80 | 20.29 ± 0.76 | 20.43 ± 0.90 |
2013 | 98 | 67 (68.4) | 31 (31.6) | 20.40 ± 1.00 | 20.25 ± 0.77 | 20.71 ± 1.35 |
2015 | 113 | 83 (73.4) | 30 (26.6) | 21.30 ± 0.72 | 21.3 ± 0.77 | 21.23 ± 0.57 |
2016 | 114 | 88 (77.2) | 26 (22.8) | 21.25 ± 0.63 | 21.25 ± 0.65 | 21.27 ± 0.60 |
2017 | 101 | 75 (74,2) | 26 (25,8) | 21.19 ± 0.50 | 21.19 ± 0.54 | 21.19 ± 0.40 |
2018 | 99 | 76 (76,8) | 23 (23.2) | 21.24 ± 0.73 | 21.22 ± 0.66 | 21.30 ± 0.93 |
2019 | 83 | 57 (68.7) | 26 (31.3) | 21.37 ± 0.85 | 21.30 ± 0.75 | 21.54 ± 1.03 |
2020 | 86 | 60 (69.8) | 26 (30.2) | 21.34 ± 0.82 | 21.15 ± 0.61 | 21.77 ± 1.07 |
all | 870 | 624 (71.7) | 246 (28.3) | 20.99 ± 0.88 | 20.95 ± 0.81 | 21.09 ± 1.02 |
2001–2010 | 755 | 538 (71.3) | 217 (28.7) | 21.35 ± 1,33 | 21.32 ± 1,11 | 21.41 ± 1,75 |
D | 115 | −86 (−0.4) | –29 (0.4) | −0.36 | −0.37 | 0.32 |
Z | k = 0.1308 | k = 0.2095 | 6.3513 | 6.5778 * | 2.3627 * |
Years of Study | Body Mass (kg) | Body Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
2011 | 60.36 ± 10.04 | 76.64 ± 8.44 | 166.62 ± 4.98 | 177.89 ± 6.84 | 21.74 ± 3.58 | 24.24 ± 2.51 |
2012 | 60.49 ± 8.13 | 79.05 ± 15.97 | 166.50 ± 5.87 | 180.45 ± 5.92 | 21.84 ± 2.93 | 24.25 ± 4.62 |
2013 | 60.87 ± 9.23 | 76.76 ± 11.47 | 167.97 ± 5.75 | 181.45 ± 6.74 | 21.54 ± 2.85 | 23.28 ± 2.99 |
2015 | 61.11 ± 8.00 | 78.67 ± 11.50 | 168.01 ± 6.16 | 179.07 ± 6.63 | 21.64 ± 2.50 | 24.50 ± 3.10 |
2016 | 61.14 ± 9.78 | 82.44 ± 15.66 | 165.86 ± 5.52 | 180.85 ± 7.94 | 22.23 ± 3.51 | 25.17 ± 4.34 |
2017 | 63.99 ± 11.94 | 81.88 ± 10.86 | 166.18 ± 5.81 | 178.79 ± 5.66 | 23.11 ± 3.70 | 25.62 ± 3.25 |
2018 | 61.66 ± 12.03 | 79.72 ± 10.48 | 167.16 ± 5.75 | 179.71 ± 6.70 | 22.09 ± 4.31 | 24.62 ± 2.29 |
2019 | 61.92 ± 8.65 | 79.74 ± 12.12 | 166.91 ± 5.75 | 178.63 ± 4.56 | 22.18 ± 2.59 | 24.97 ± 3.57 |
2020 | 61.09 ± 10.07 | 84.94 ± 12.86 | 168.15 ± 5.76 | 183.23 ± 5.38 | 21.58 ± 3.15 | 25.30 ± 3.78 |
all | 61.45 ± 9.89 | 79.86 ± 12.45 | 167.02 ± 5.76 | 180.02 ± 6.43 | 22.02 ± 3.31 | 24.62 ± 3.49 |
2001–2010 | 59.85 ± 8.76 | 76.79 ± 10.07 | 166.63 ± 6.08 | 179.95 ± 6.54 | 21.53 ± 2.78 | 23.69 ± 2.62 |
D | 1.16 | 3.07 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.93 |
Z | 3.0526 * | 2.9311 * | 1.1175 | 1.1158 | 2.9192 * | 3.2654 * |
Years of Study | Waist Circumference (cm) | Hip Circumference (cm) | WHR Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
2011 | 67.94 ± 8.59 | 78.79 ± 6.0 | 93.52 ± 7.15 | 95.82 ± 5.22 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.03 |
2012 | 65.97 ± 5.49 | 82.93 ± 6.20 | 90.32 ± 5.87 | 95.40 ± 5.19 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.04 |
2013 | 65.55 ± 5.62 | 78.32 ± 7.40 | 91.29 ± 4.78 | 95.00 ± 5.00 | 0.71 ±0.05 | 0.82 ±0.05 |
2015 | 66.77 ± 5.45 | 79.0 ± 8.69 | 93.54 ± 5.69 | 97.13 ± 6.61 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ±0.05 |
2016 | 67.56 ± 7.82 | 82.5 ± 10.75 | 93.65 ± 7.32 | 98.65 ± 8.33 | 0.72 ±0.05 | 0.83 ±0.05 |
2017 | 68.85 ± 8.38 | 80.27 ± 8.32 | 94.89 ± 8.66 | 97.92 ± 6.67 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ±0.05 |
2018 | 68.03 ± 9.50 | 80.48 ± 8.57 | 93.79 ± 10.17 | 98.48 ± 6.61 | 0.73 ± 0.09 | 0.82 ± 0.06 |
2019 | 68.19 ± 7.73 | 80.92 ± 10.26 | 95.26 ± 7.31 | 97.69 ± 5.66 | 0.71 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.07 |
2020 | 75.18 ± 9.54 | 89.48 ± 9.82 | 92.39 ± 7.60 | 96.79 ± 7.44 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.06 |
all | 68.10 ± 8.03 | 81.32 ± 8.97 | 93.21 ± 7.46 | 96.90 ± 6.36 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.06 |
2001–2010 | 66.84 ± 6.88 | 78.19 ± 7.56 | 93.01 ± 6.39 | 95.25 ± 5.68 | 0,72 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.05 |
D | 1.26 | 3.13 | 0.2 | 1.65 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Z | 2.8805 * | 4.0726 * | 0.4922 | 2.9483 * | 2.8491 * | 3.5746 * |
Years of Study | Cooper Test (m) | 2 km March (s) | Turn Right | Turn Left | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
2011 | 2148.86 ± 225.38 | 2488.64 ± 353.53 | 965.73 ± 56.09 | 915.75 ± 87.08 | 351.60 ± 30.99 | 357.14 ± 45.35 | 355.15 ± 31.36 | 369.46 ± 48.86 |
2012 | 2211.09 ± 366.38 | 2641.07 ± 373.10 | 965.18 ± 65.93 | 892.76 ± 83.66 | 351.51 ± 36.06 | 358.93 ± 29.82 | 345.54 ± 38.78 | 364.67 ± 71.57 |
2013 | 1987.10 ± 275.71 | 2387.10 ± 368.32 | 1029.09 ± 73.89 | 941.55 ± 85.80 | 364.98 ± 59.26 | 387.19 ± 102.49 | 360.57 ± 40.56 | 392.87 ± 77.00 |
2015 | 2077.02 ± 235.61 | 2471.26 ± 365.53 | 973.70 ± 61.20 | 926.33 ± 70.09 | 339.99 ± 52.00 | 362.07 ± 53.82 | 343.32 ± 41.15 | 373.03 ± 54.47 |
2016 | 2183.95 ± 260.23 | 2381.11 ± 299.84 | 962.15 ± 75.52 | 956.04 ± 90.84 | 340.12 ± 41.84 | 350.42 ± 29.16 | 337.34 ± 39.71 | 346.00 ± 32.98 |
2017 | 1927.61 ±260.94 | 2376.23 ± 340.29 | 1025.44 ± 77.53 | 927.46 ± 69.47 | 338.21 ± 53.43 | 343.85 ± 40.97 | 338.44 ± 51.65 | 343.77 ± 39.90 |
2018 | 1999.54 ± 261.02 | 2387.61 ± 338.45 | 956.32 ± 54.44 | 883.65 ± 51.57 | 345.28 ± 55.69 | 363.78 ± 35.66 | 342.51 ± 59.42 | 356.04 ± 36.89 |
2019 | 1991.77 ± 214.29 | 2399.42 ± 370.01 | 959.26 ± 55.40 | 897.88 ± 71.50 | 343.75 ± 35.69 | 342.96 ± 43.77 | 346.35 ± 44.26 | 338.31 ± 54.20 |
2020 | 2102.78 ± 264.30 | 2575.88 ± 356.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
all | 2069.91 ± 280.94 | 2459.41 ± 359.68 | 979.82 ± 71.59 | 918.37 ± 79.97 | 346.25 ± 47.93 | 358.94 ± 54.88 | 345.34 ± 44.90 | 361.70 ± 57.05 |
1615.99 ± 119.25 | 1512.19 ± 133.55 | |||||||
2001–2010 | 2046.9 ± 295.8 | 2519.1 ± 380.0 | 1602.4 ± 110.8 | 1502.4 ± 134.2 | 351.8 ± 44.2 | 365.2 ± 56.4 | 353.5 ± 42.8 | 367.4 ± 52.5 |
D | 23.01 | −59.69 | 13.59 | 9.79 | −5.55 | −6.26 | −8.16 | −5.70 |
Z | 0.9282 | 1.7291 | 1.9607 | 0.7643 | 1.9993 | 1.1956 | 1.1345 | 1.0869 |
Gender | Year_ Coef | Year_Coef p-Value | Year_ Std Err | Year_ 95% Cl | Const_ Coef | Const p-Value | Const Std Err | Const 95% Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W—women body mass (R-squared = 0.002, F = 1.543, p (F) = 0.215) M—men body mass (R-squared = 0.024, F = 6.042, p (F) = 0.0147) | ||||||||
W | 0.2038 | 0.215 | 0.164 | −0.118 0.526 | −349.1958 | 0.291 | 330.558 | −998.341 299.949 |
M | 0.7498 | 0.015 | 0.305 | 0.149 1.351 | −1430.9290 | 0.021 | 614.604 | −2641.536 −220.322 |
W—women body height (R-squared = 0.000, F = 0.2903, p (F) = 0.590) M—men body height (R-squared = 0.006, F = 1.510, p (F) = 0.220) | ||||||||
W | 0.0515 | 0.590 | 0.096 | −0.136 0.239 | 63.1532 | 0.743 | 192.769 | −315.403 441.709 |
M | 0.1952 | 0.220 | 0.159 | −0.118 0.508 | −213.3738 | 0.506 | 320.184 | −844.051 417.304 |
W—women BMI (R-squared = 0.002, F = 1.036, p (F) = 0.309) M—men BMI (R-squared = 0.017, F = 4.202, p (F) = 0.0415) | ||||||||
W | 0.0560 | 0.309 | 0.055 | −0.052 0.164 | −90.7958 | 0.413 | 110.811 | −308.405 126.813 |
M | 0.1757 | 0.041 | 0.086 | 0.007 0.344 | −329.3116 | −0.058 | 172.668 | −669.422 10.799 |
W—women waist circumference (R-squared = 0.049, F = 31.86, p (F) = 2.52 × 10−8) M—men waist circumference (R-squared = 0.041, F = 10.36, p (F) = 0.00146) | ||||||||
W | 0.7348 | 0.000 | 0.130 | 0.479 0.990 | −1412.4769 | 0.000 | 262.315 | −1927.608 −897.346 |
M | 0.7015 | 0.001 | 0.218 | 0.272 1.131 | −1332.1216 | 0.003 | 439.118 | −2197.066 −467.177 |
W—women hip circumference (R-squared = 0.010, F = 6.125, p (F) = 0.0136) M—men hip circumference (R-squared = 0.016, F = 4.072, p (F) = 0.0447) | ||||||||
W | 0.3054 | 0.014 | 0.123 | 0.063 0.548 | −522.2052 | 0.036 | 248.675 | −1010.550 −33.861 |
M | 0.3158 | 0.045 | 0.156 | 0.008 0.624 | −539.3839 | 0.088 | 315.30 | −1160.445 81.677 |
W—women WHR index (R-squared = 0.046, F = 29.97, p (F) = 6.37 × 10−8) M—men WHR index (R-squared = 0.035, F = 8.890, p (F) = 0.00316) | ||||||||
W | 0.0056 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 0.008 | −10.5783 | 0.000 | 2.066 | −14.635 −6.522 |
M | 0.0044 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 0.007 | −8.0772 | 0.007 | 2.990 | −13.967 −2.187 |
W—Waist Circumference (R-squared = 0.008, F = 4.453, p (F) = 0.0353) M—Waist Circumference (R-squared = 0.001, F = 0.001, p (F) = 0.574) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Year_Coef | Year_Coef p-Value | Year_ Std Err | Year_ 95% Cl | Const_ Coef | Const p-Value | Const Std Err | Const 95% Cl |
W | 0.3099 | 0.035 | 0.147 | 0.021 0.598 | −557.0361 | 0.060 | 295.903 | −1138.248 24.176 |
M | 0.1405 | 0.574 | 0.250 | −0.352 0.633 | −202.6205 | 0.688 | 503.187 | −1194.354 789.113 |
Gender | Year_ Coef | Year_ Coef p-Value | Year_ Std Err | Year_ 95% Cl | Const_ Coef | Const p-Value | Const Std Err | Const 95% Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W—women Cooper test (R-squared = 0.021, F = 13.12, p (F) = 0.000316) M—men Cooper test (R-squared = 0.004, F = 0.8653, p (F) = 0.353) | ||||||||
W | −16.7312 | 0.000 | 4.619 | −25.802 −7.660 | 3.578 × 104 | 0.000 | 9307.797 | 1.75 × 104 5.41 × 104 |
M | −8.2807 | 0.353 | 8.902 | −25.815 9.254 | 1.914 × 104 | 0.287 | 04 1.79 × 104 | −1.62 × 104 5.45 × 104 |
W—women 2 km (s) (R-squared = 0.002, F = 1.169, p (F) = 0.280) M—men 2 km march calculated per seconds (R-squared = 0.003, F = 0.5729, p (F) = 0.450) | ||||||||
W | −1.5239 | 0.280 | 1.409 | −4.292 1.245 | 4049.8686 | 0.154 | 2839.455 | −1527.371 9627.108 |
M | −1.8025 | 0.450 | 2.381 | −6.496 2.891 | 4549.1610 | 0.344 | 4797.026 | −4905.324 1.4 × 104 |
W—women spinning coordination—turn right (R-squared = 0.008, F = 4.812, p (F) = 0.0287) M—men spinning coordination—turn right (R-squared = 0.013, F = 2.772, p (F) = 0.0974) | ||||||||
W | −2.0632 | 0.029 | 0.941 | −3.911 −0.216 | 4502.8322 | 0.018 | 1894.767 | 781.142 8224.523 |
M | −2.7076 | 0.097 | 1.626 | −5.913 0.498 | 5812.9083 | 0.077 | 3275.905 | −643.592 1.23 × 104 |
W—women spinning coordination—turn left (R-squared = 0.008, F = 4.327, p (F) = 0.0380) M—men spinning coordination—turn left (R-squared = 0.044, F = 10.06, p (F) = 0.00173) | ||||||||
W | −1.8340 | 0.038 | 0.882 | −3.566 −0.102 | 4040.0193 | 0.023 | 1776.068 | 551.477 7528.562 |
M | −5.2757 | 0.002 | 1.663 | −8.554 −1.997 | 1.099 × 104 | 0.001 | 3350.732 | 4384.810 1.76 × 104 |
Years of Study | Body Height | Body Mass | BMI | Waist Circum | Hip Circum | WHR Index | Cooper Test | 2 km March | Turn Right | Turn Left |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | −1.65 | −1.93 | −0.99 | −1.81 | −0.44 | −3.33 | −0.96 | 0.53 | −0.12 | −0.29 |
2012 | −2.36 | −1.16 | −0.52 | −2.73 | −0.98 | −3.50 | −1.15 | 0.86 | −0.25 | −0.27 |
2013 | −2.00 | −1.38 | −0.58 | −1.72 | −0.74 | −2.20 | −1.09 | 1.02 | −0.22 | −0.42 |
2015 | −1.67 | −1.53 | −0.92 | −1.41 | −0.54 | −2.00 | −1.08 | 0.67 | −0.41 | −0.54 |
2016 | −1.89 | −1.36 | −0.68 | −1.39 | −0.60 | −2.20 | −0.66 | 0.07 | −0.35 | −0.26 |
2017 | −2.23 | −1.64 | −0.77 | −1.37 | −0.45 | −2.00 | −1.32 | 1.41 | −0.14 | −0.13 |
2018 | −1.87 | −1.72 | −1.10 | −1.45 | −0.71 | −1.50 | −1.15 | 1.41 | −0.52 | −0.37 |
2019 | −2.57 | −1.47 | −0.78 | −1.24 | −0.43 | −1.71 | −1.10 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
2020 | −2.80 | −1.91 | −0.98 | −1.46 | −0.59 | −1.83 | −1.33 | - | - | - |
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Lewandowski, A.; Piekorz, Z.; Sarwińska, J.; Siedlaczek, M. Long-Term Trends in Changes in Physical and Motor Development Observed among Physiotherapy Students from Bydgoszcz in 2011–2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114444
Lewandowski A, Piekorz Z, Sarwińska J, Siedlaczek M. Long-Term Trends in Changes in Physical and Motor Development Observed among Physiotherapy Students from Bydgoszcz in 2011–2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114444
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewandowski, Andrzej, Zuzanna Piekorz, Jadwiga Sarwińska, and Marcin Siedlaczek. 2022. "Long-Term Trends in Changes in Physical and Motor Development Observed among Physiotherapy Students from Bydgoszcz in 2011–2020" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114444