Changes in Volunteering of Older Adults in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Motivations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Italian Context during the Pandemic
1.2. Aims of the Study
- Do volunteer motivations play a role in determining changes to the volunteering service provided by older people in the time of COVID-19? (RQ1);
- Does the close (direct or indirect) experience of a contagion of COVID-19 affect changes in the volunteering service provided by older people? (RQ2).
- The results of this study add to the literature by pointing in the direction that the older population is heterogeneous, so it is necessary to avoid having one-size-fits-all policies for older adults. They demonstrate that the ageist approaches adopted by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic are inappropriate, and that when faced with possible future emergency situations, older people should not be treated as a homogeneous group. Additionally, by exploring the motivations behind older people’s volunteering habits, the results are of value to voluntary organizations’ managers who deal with recruiting and sustaining volunteers.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.2.3. Co-Variates
2.3. Sample Description
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | %; Means (sd) |
---|---|
Demographics and socio-economic characteristics | |
Age | 70.26 (6.4) |
Gender (female) | 47.9 |
Marital status: | |
Married/cohabiting | 71.6 |
Single, separated or divorced | 16.3 |
Widowed | 12.1 |
Educational level: | |
Low | 38.3 |
Intermediate | 44.2 |
High | 17.5 |
Volunteering motivational functions | |
Values | 3.86 (0.7) |
Understanding | 3.33 (0.9) |
Enhancement | 3.45 (0.9) |
Social | 3.09 (0.9) |
Protective | 2.77 (1.0) |
Career | 1.86 (1.0) |
COVID-19-related factors | |
I have had COVID-19 | 13.0 |
A family member has had COVID-19 | 28.0 |
An acquaintance has had COVID-19 | 46.5 |
Volunteering-related outcome variables | |
I continued to carry out the same activities (yes) | 49.8 |
I changed the volunteering activities (yes) | 61.1 |
I increased volunteering time (yes) | 23.1 |
I decreased volunteering time (yes) | 41.7 |
A | ||||||
Values | Understanding | Enhancement | ||||
Mean (sd) | p | Mean (sd) | p | Mean (sd) | p | |
Same volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 3.94 (0.7) | 0.453 | 3.46 (0.9) | 0.093 | 3.55 (0.9) | 0.225 |
No | 3.86 (0.7) | 3.25 (0.9) | 3.40 (0.9) | |||
Changed volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 3.94 (0.7) | 0.311 | 3.33 (0.9) | 0.638 | 3.46 (0.9) | 0.781 |
No | 3.83 (0.8) | 3.39 (0.9) | 3.50 (0.9) | |||
Increased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 4.20 (0.7) | 0.001 *** | 3.73 (0.8) | 0.001 *** | 3.71 (0.9) | 0.032 * |
No | 3.81 (0.7) | 3.24 (0.9) | 3.40 (0.9) | |||
Decreased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 3.81 (0.7) | 0.154 | 3.23 (0.9) | 0.132 | 3.35 (0.9) | 0.116 |
No | 3.95 (0.7) | 3.42 (0.9) | 3.55 (0.9) | |||
B | ||||||
Social | Protective | Career | ||||
Mean (sd) | p | Mean (sd) | p | Mean (sd) | p | |
Same volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 3.31 (0.9) | 0.001 *** | 2.93 (0.9) | 0.028 * | 2.02 (1.0) | 0.012 * |
No | 2.88 (0.9) | 2.63 (1.0) | 1.68 (0.9) | |||
Changed volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 2.99 (1.0) | 0.064 | 2.75 (1.0) | 0.597 | 1.83 (1.0) | 0.748 |
No | 3.24 (0.9) | 2.82 (1.0) | 1.88 (1.0) | |||
Increased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 3.49 (0.8) | 0.001 *** | 3.05 (1.0) | 0.018 ** | 2.08 (1.0) | 0.048 * |
No | 2.96 (0.9) | 2.66 (1.0) | 1.75 (0.9) | |||
Decreased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 2.83 (1.0) | 0.001 *** | 2.56 (1.0) | 0.018 ** | 1.63 (0.9) | 0.015 * |
No | 3.26 (0.9) | 2.89 (1.0) | 1.97 (1.0) |
COVID-19 Myself | COVID-19 Family Member | COVID-19 Acquaintance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | p | % | p | % | p | |
Same volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 13.0 | 0.979 | 31.5 | 0.258 | 54.6 | 0.011 * |
No | 12.8 | 23.9 | 36.7 | |||
Changed volunteering activities | ||||||
Yes | 11.4 | 0.373 | 26.5 | 0.622 | 41.7 | 0.107 |
No | 15.5 | 28.6 | 52.4 | |||
Increased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 12.2 | 0.884 | 24.5 | 0.687 | 51.0 | 0.274 |
No | 12.9 | 27.6 | 42.3 | |||
Decreased volunteering time | ||||||
Yes | 9.1 | 0.192 | 21.6 | 0.175 | 37.5 | 0.112 |
No | 15.4 | 30.9 | 49.6 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | |
Motivational functions | ||||||||
Values | 0.97 | 0.926 | 0.94 | 0.839 | 1.00 | 0.991 | ||
Understanding | 0.94 | 0.858 | 0.98 | 0.961 | 0.60 | 0.178 | ||
Enhancement | 0.69 | 0.220 | 0.69 | 0.231 | 0.86 | 0.698 | ||
Social | 1.74 | 0.017 * | 1.88 | 0.009 ** | 2.43 | 0.003 ** | ||
Protective | 1.09 | 0.701 | 1.04 | 0.854 | 1.15 | 0.632 | ||
Career | 1.29 | 0.211 | 1.28 | 0.241 | 1.20 | 0.460 | ||
Experience of COVID-19 | ||||||||
I have had COVID-19 | 0.87 | 0.752 | 0.811 | 0.658 | 0.76 | 0.643 | ||
A family member has had COVID-19 | 1.36 | 0.354 | 1.07 | 0.848 | 1.18 | 0.705 | ||
An acquaintance has had COVID-19 | 2.11 | 0.009 ** | 2.03 | 0.024 * | 1.30 | 0.487 | ||
Control variables | ||||||||
Age | 0.94 | 0.101 | ||||||
Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||||
Female | 0.72 | 0.456 | ||||||
Marital status (ref. Married/cohabiting) | ||||||||
Single/separated/divorced | 1.68 | 0.376 | ||||||
Widowed | 1.15 | 0.811 | ||||||
Educational level (ref. Low) | ||||||||
Intermediate | 1.37 | 0.460 | ||||||
high | 1.54 | 0.446 | ||||||
Volunteering frequency (ref. Twice a week or more often) | ||||||||
Once a week | 0.25 | 0.002 ** | ||||||
Once every two weeks | 0.22 | 0.014 * | ||||||
Once a month or less often | 0.04 | 0.001 *** | ||||||
Informal family elder care (ref. No) | ||||||||
Yes | 3.46 | 0.055 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | |
Motivational functions | ||||||||
Values | 1.55 | 0.134 | 1.52 | 0.155 | 1.47 | 0.291 | ||
Understanding | 0.83 | 0.562 | 0.85 | 0.612 | 0.88 | 0.730 | ||
Enhancement | 1.38 | 0.269 | 1.40 | 0.260 | 1.65 | 0.153 | ||
Social | 0.58 | 0.027 * | 0.62 | 0.052 | 0.59 | 0.066 | ||
Protective | 1.00 | 0.994 | 0.97 | 0.928 | 0.75 | 0.343 | ||
Career | 1.05 | 0.789 | 1.05 | 0.801 | 1.13 | 0.626 | ||
Experience of COVID-19 | ||||||||
I have had COVID-19 | 0.67 | 0.356 | 0.83 | 0.699 | 0.57 | 0.326 | ||
A family member has had COVID-19 | 0.97 | 0.935 | 1.00 | 0.979 | 0.94 | 0.898 | ||
An acquaintance has had COVID-19 | 0.64 | 0.135 | 0.67 | 0.217 | 0.64 | 0.258 | ||
Control variables | ||||||||
Age | 1.04 | 0.225 | ||||||
Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||||
Female | 1.71 | 0.196 | ||||||
Marital status (ref. Married/cohabiting) | ||||||||
Single/separated/divorced | 0.82 | 0.711 | ||||||
Widowed | 4.6 | 0.038 * | ||||||
Educational level (ref. Low) | ||||||||
Intermediate | 0.50 | 0.108 | ||||||
high | 1.15 | 0.808 | ||||||
Volunteering frequency (ref. Twice a week or more often) | ||||||||
Once a week | 3.05 | 0.015 * | ||||||
Once every two weeks | 4.79 | 0.018 * | ||||||
Once a month or less often | 0.39 | 0.181 | ||||||
Informal family elder care (ref. No) | ||||||||
Yes | 2.59 | 0.101 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | |
Motivational functions | ||||||||
Values | 2.22 | 0.032 * | 2.34 | 0.024 * | 2.25 | 0.055 | ||
Understanding | 1.36 | 0.387 | 1.32 | 0.438 | 1.05 | 0.885 | ||
Enhancement | 0.88 | 0.708 | 0.92 | 0.831 | 0.81 | 0.620 | ||
Social | 1.29 | 0.342 | 1.33 | 0.292 | 1.46 | 0.212 | ||
Protective | 0.78 | 0.400 | 0.83 | 0.546 | 1.06 | 0.853 | ||
Career | 1.15 | 0.526 | 1.02 | 0.907 | 1.11 | 0.681 | ||
Experience of COVID-19 | ||||||||
I have had COVID-19 | 1.03 | 0.952 | 1.16 | 0.780 | 1.40 | 0.585 | ||
A family member has had COVID-19 | 0.84 | 0.665 | 0.59 | 0.251 | 0.75 | 0.588 | ||
An acquaintance has had COVID-19 | 1.44 | 0.275 | 1.54 | 0.253 | 1.34 | 0.490 | ||
Control variables | ||||||||
Age | 1.00 | 0.908 | ||||||
Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||||
Female | 1.33 | 0.534 | ||||||
Marital status (ref. Married/cohabiting) | ||||||||
Single/separated/divorced | 1.10 | 0.871 | ||||||
Widowed | 0.20 | 0.065 | ||||||
Educational level (ref. Low) | ||||||||
Intermediate | 1.51 | 0.373 | ||||||
high | 0.83 | 0.789 | ||||||
Volunteering frequency (ref. Twice a week or more often) | ||||||||
Once a week | 0.45 | 0.119 | ||||||
Once every two weeks | 0.17 | 0.046 * | ||||||
Once a month or less often | 0.28 | 0.184 | ||||||
Informal family elder care (ref. No) | ||||||||
Yes | 0.87 | 0.827 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | |
Motivational functions | ||||||||
Values | 0.77 | 0.361 | 0.80 | 0.457 | 1.00 | 0.992 | ||
Understanding | 1.36 | 0.317 | 1.38 | 0.299 | 1.69 | 0.165 | ||
Enhancement | 1.06 | 0.818 | 1.01 | 0.972 | 0.93 | 0.854 | ||
Social | 0.65 | 0.064 | 0.60 | 0.038 * | 0.57 | 0.052 | ||
Protective | 0.91 | 0.710 | 0.96 | 0.896 | 0.66 | 0.179 | ||
Career | 0.82 | 0.364 | 0.82 | 0.401 | 0.91 | 0.717 | ||
Experience of COVID-19 | ||||||||
I have had COVID-19 | 0.63 | 0.333 | 0.56 | 0.266 | 0.28 | 0.052 | ||
A family member has had COVID-19 | 0.73 | 0.372 | 0.93 | 0.862 | 0.90 | 0.830 | ||
An acquaintance has had COVID-19 | 0.58 | 0.075 | 0.61 | 0.137 | 0.62 | 0.230 | ||
Control variables | ||||||||
Age | 1.06 | 0.102 | ||||||
Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||||
Female | 1.21 | 0.634 | ||||||
Marital status (ref. Married/cohabiting) | ||||||||
Single/separated/divorced | 0.74 | 0.594 | ||||||
Widowed | 6.53 | 0.004 ** | ||||||
Educational level (ref. Low) | ||||||||
Intermediate | 0.76 | 0.539 | ||||||
high | 0.62 | 0.413 | ||||||
Volunteering frequency (ref. Twice a week or more often) | ||||||||
Once a week | 2.15 | 0.079 | ||||||
Once every two weeks | 3.25 | 0.059 | ||||||
Once a month or less often | 5.41 | 0.022 ** | ||||||
Informal family elder care (ref. No) | ||||||||
Yes | 1.33 | 0.621 |
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Principi, A.; Lucantoni, D.; Quattrini, S.; Di Rosa, M.; Socci, M. Changes in Volunteering of Older Adults in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Motivations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214755
Principi A, Lucantoni D, Quattrini S, Di Rosa M, Socci M. Changes in Volunteering of Older Adults in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Motivations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214755
Chicago/Turabian StylePrincipi, Andrea, Davide Lucantoni, Sabrina Quattrini, Mirko Di Rosa, and Marco Socci. 2022. "Changes in Volunteering of Older Adults in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Motivations" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214755