The Effect of Collectivism on Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Impact of Cultural Differences on Mental Health
1.2. The Mediating Role of Expressive Suppression
1.3. The Moderating Role of Ego Identity
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Mental Health during COVID-19
2.2.2. Collectivism Tendency
2.2.3. Gross Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)
2.2.4. The Identity Status Scale (ISS)
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Common Method Biases
3.2. Description and Correlation Analysis
3.3. Test of Moderated Mediation
3.3.1. Crisis as a Moderating Variable
3.3.2. Commitment as a Moderating Variable
3.3.3. Exploration as a Moderating Variable
4. Discussion
4.1. The Mediating Role of Expressive Suppression
4.2. The Moderating Role of Ego Identity between Expressive Suppression and Mental Health
4.3. The Moderating Role of Ego Identity between Collectivism and Mental Health
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.63 | 0.48 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Age | 21.25 | 6.58 | 0.04 | 1 | |||||||||||
Mental health (revised) | 66.88 | 13.01 | −0.18 * | −0.07 | 1 | ||||||||||
Fear (revised) | 22.84 | 6.06 | −0.27 *** | −0.04 | 0.91 *** | 1 | |||||||||
Depression (revised) | 20.49 | 3.125 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.58 *** | 0.45 *** | 1 | ||||||||
Anxiety (revised) | 14.02 | 4.47 | −0.05 | −0.14 | 0.79 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.19 ** | 1 | |||||||
Anger (revised) | 9.52 | 2.9 | −0.08 | −0.06 | 0.76 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.55 *** | 1 | ||||||
Crisis | 14.25 | 2.17 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 1 | |||||
Commitment | 14.55 | 2.98 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.38 *** | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.31 *** | 1 | ||||
Exploration | 13.68 | 1.68 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.30 *** | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.32 *** | 0.53 *** | 1 | |||
Collectivism | 33.25 | 4.68 | 0.02 | 0.08 | −0.20 ** | −0.13 | 0.02 | −0.28 *** | −0.21 *** | −0.01 | 0.21 *** | 0.18 ** | 1 | ||
Cognitive reappraisal | 26.06 | 3.98 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.16 | −0.14 | −0.14 | 0.22 *** | 0.36 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.45 *** | 1 | |
Expressive suppression | 13.62 | 3.56 | −0.20 ** | 0.04 | −0.12 | −0.02 | −0.15 | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.22 *** | 0.24 *** | 1 |
Variable | Outcome Variable: Expressive Suppression | Outcome Variable: Mental Health | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | se | t | LLCI | ULCI | β | se | t | LLCI | ULCI | |
Age | 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.432 | −0.038 | 0.059 | −0.094 | 0.090 | −1.045 | −0.272 | 0.083 |
Collectivism | 0.169 | 0.035 | 4.848 *** | 0.100 | 0.237 | 1.256 | 0.818 | 1.535 | −0.352 | 2.863 |
Expressive suppression | −3.418 | 1.145 | −2.986 ** | −5.668 | −1.168 | |||||
Crisis | 1.602 | 1.870 | 0.857 | −2.074 | 5.277 | |||||
Interaction 1 | −0.121 | 0.057 | −2.137 * | −0.233 | −0.010 | |||||
Interaction 2 | 0.217 | 0.078 | 2.774 ** | 0.063 | 0.371 | |||||
R2 | 0.050 | 0.077 | ||||||||
F | 12.074 *** | 6.262 *** |
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Gao, Y.; Yao, W.; Guo, Y.; Liao, Z. The Effect of Collectivism on Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315570
Gao Y, Yao W, Guo Y, Liao Z. The Effect of Collectivism on Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315570
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yixuan, Wenjie Yao, Yi Guo, and Zongqing Liao. 2022. "The Effect of Collectivism on Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315570