Factors Associated with COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in Kedah in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Type, Design and Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N (%) | Non-Healthcare-Associated (n = 1125) | Healthcare-Associated (n = 554) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | 0.007 | |||
<40 years | 1154 (68.7) | 749 (66.6) | 405 (73.1) | |
≥40 years | 525 (31.3) | 376 (33.4) | 149 (26.9) | |
Gender | 0.099 | |||
Male | 537 (32.0) | 345 (30.7) | 192 (34.7) | |
Female | 1142 (68.0) | 780 (69.3) | 362 (65.3) | |
Ethnicity | 0.018 | |||
Malay | 1495 (89.0) | 1016 (90.3) | 479 (86.5) | |
Non-Malay | 184 (11.0) | 109 (9.7) | 75 (13.5) | |
Comorbid | 0.005 | |||
Yes | 264 (15.7) | 210 (18.7) | 73 (13.2) | |
No | 1415 (84.3) | 915 (81.3) | 481 (86.8) | |
Job Category | 0.001 | |||
Doctor | 291 (17.3) | 166 (14.7) | 125 (22.5) | |
Nurses | 618 (36.8) | 424 (37.7) | 194 (35.0) | |
Assistant Medical Officer | 113 (6.7) | 76 (6.8) | 37 (6.7) | |
Pharmacist | 39 (2.3) | 24 (2.1) | 15 (2.7) | |
Dental officer | 55 (3.3) | 43 (3.8) | 12 (2.2) | |
Allied Health | 75 (4.5) | 60 (5.3) | 15 (2.7) | |
Ancillary staff | 406 (24.2) | 275 (24.4) | 131 (23.6) | |
Administrative staff | 82 (4.9) | 57 (5.1) | 25 (4.5) | |
Workplace setting | 0.009 | |||
Hospital setting | 1258 (74.9) | 821 (73.0) | 437 (78.9) | |
Non-hospital setting | 421 (25.1) | 304 (27.0) | 117(21.1) | |
Reason of screening | <0.001 a | |||
Contact with family member or friend | 469 (27.9) | 464 (41.2) | 5(0.9) | |
Contact with patient/work colleague | 489 (29.1) | 4 (0.4) | 485 (87.6) | |
Symptomatic screening | 616 (36.7) | 611 (54.3) | 5 (0.9) | |
Targeted screening * | 105 (6.3) | 46 (4.1) | 59 (10.7) | |
Managing COVID-19 | 0.594 | |||
Yes | 134 (8.0) | 87 (7.7) | 47 (8.5) | |
No | 1545 (92.0) | 1038 (92.3) | 507 (91.5) | |
Completed vaccine | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 1311 (78.1) | 913 (81.2) | 398 (71.8) | |
No | 368 (21.9) | 212 (18.8) | 156 (28.2) | |
Symptomatic | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 1261 (75.1) | 947 (84.2) | 314 (56.7) | |
No | 418 (24.9) | 178 (15.8) | 240 (43.3) | |
Ct-value (n = 1515) ** | <0.001 | |||
<30 | 1095 (72.3) | 837 (80.4) | 258 (54.4) | |
≥30 | 420 (27.7) | 204 (19.6) | 216 (45.6) |
Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
<40 years | ||||
≥40 years | 0.732 (0.585, 0.917) | 0.007 | 0.8537 (0.650, 1.120) | 0.254 |
Gender | ||||
Male | - | - | ||
Female | 0.833 (0.671, 1.035) | 0.099 | - | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Malay | ||||
Malay | 0.685 (0.501, 0.937) | 0.018 | 0.905 (0.621, 1.320) | 0.607 |
Comorbid | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | 0.661 (0.495, 0.882) | 0.005 | 0.820 (0.592, 1.137) | 0.236 |
Job Category | ||||
Administrative staff | ||||
Doctor | 1.716 (1.016, 2.900) | 0.043 | 1.433 (1.044, 1.968) | 0.026 |
Nurses | 1.043 (0.632, 1.719) | 0.868 | - | |
Assistant Medical Officer | 1.11 (0.601, 2.048) | 0.739 | - | |
Pharmacist | 1.525 (0.641, 3.165) | 0.385 | - | |
Dental officer | 0.636 (0.287, 1.407) | 0.264 | - | |
Allied Health | 0.570 (0.273, 1.189) | 0.134 | - | |
Ancillary staff | 1.086 (0.649, 1.816) | 0.753 | - | |
Type of health facilities | ||||
Non-Hospital setting | ||||
Hospital setting | 1.383 (1.0849, 1.763) | 0.009 | 1.439 (1.080, 1.917) | 0.013 |
Symptomatic | ||||
Yes | ||||
No | 2.016 (1.795, 2.264) | <0.001 | 1.848 (1.604, 2.130) | <0.001 |
Vaccine | ||||
Yes | ||||
No/incomplete | 1.688 (1.330, 2.141) | <0.001 | 1.400 (1.050, 1.866) | 0.022 |
CT value | ||||
<30 | <0.001 | |||
≥30 | 3.435 (2.710, 4.352) | 2.494 (1.927, 3.226) | <0.001 |
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Omar, R.; Mahjom, M.; Haron, N.H.; Mat Lazim, R.; Kamal, F.S.Q. Factors Associated with COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in Kedah in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315601
Omar R, Mahjom M, Haron NH, Mat Lazim R, Kamal FSQ. Factors Associated with COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in Kedah in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315601
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmar, Rosidah, Maznieda Mahjom, Nur Haryanie Haron, Rosmanajihah Mat Lazim, and Fadhlin Saffiya Qistina Kamal. 2022. "Factors Associated with COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in Kedah in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315601