Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. IS Types and Fire Cases
2.1. IS Types in China
- Old communities (OC): The formation of these communities is legal and planned, but the construction of the buildings is relatively old. The old communities have a great fire hazard, as the construction materials (such as wood and brick) and fire protection design (such as fire separation distance) meet the previous standards, but do not comply with the current fire regulations.
- Informally constructed settlements (ICS): These settlements mostly appear in urban–rural fringe areas or villages in the city (VIC, a special phenomenon of urbanization in China), and some buildings were constructed without official approval. After construction, they have not been checked or audited by the fire department, so they are fragile in the event of a fire.
- Informally modified settlements (IMS): In these settlements, the construction of the buildings was approved, but the later modifications, such as additional floors, decoration processes or annexes, were private and illegal. After the modifications, the fire hazards of the building increased. For example, some buildings used cheap but flammable color steel plates as roofs.
- Informally functioned settlements (IFS): In these settlements, the construction of the buildings was approved, but the owners changed the function of the buildings without authorization, which greatly increased the fire risk. For example, in some residential buildings, the functions of accommodation, production, storage and business are mixed, leading to the increase in flammable substances. These settlements are also called “mixed-function settlements” in China, and they violate the regulations of fire safety requirement for places combining habitation, production, storage and business (GA703-2007) [25].
2.2. Fire Cases
3. Risk Assessment Methods
3.1. Fire Risk Index
3.2. Bayesian Network
4. Results
4.1. Fire Risk Index in IS
4.2. Fire Risk in Stages with BN
- Ignition: Judging from the causes of IS fires in Table 1, 18 of these cases were electrical fires. The electrical wiring in IS is mostly irregular, and, coupled with improper operation or no separation of combustible materials (Case 9, 10 and 24), the possibility of fire is high.
- Fire growth: After the ignition, a fire can be extinguished in the stage of growth. Two conditions need to be satisfied for extinguishing: the fire is discovered in time, and the human response is correct. However, in the fire cases, the two conditions were not met. Some fires occurred during the night when people were asleep, and there is no fire detector installed, so the fire is hardly detected in time. Secondly, the fire extinguishers were extremely lacking in IS, and the residents did not receive training on how to extinguish a fire. Therefore, the extinguishment is unlikely to succeed, and the possibility of growth is high.
- Fire development: If there is a fire compartment or sprinkler system in the building, or the fire brigade can arrive timely, the possibility of fire development can be reduced significantly. For many burning cases in IS, these is no fire compartment or sprinkler system (or it is damaged), and thus the prevention of the fire development mainly depends on the fire brigade. However, many IS are far away from the fire brigades, so it took a long time for the fire brigade to reach the fire site. In only four of the 26 fires, firefighters arrived at the burning building within 5 min after receiving the alarm. In rainy weather (Case 25), or if the road into IS is blocked (Case 4 and 18), the situation will get worse.
- Fire spread: Whether the fire will spread to the neighboring buildings is mainly related to the fire separation distance and weather factors (mainly wind speed). For some burning cases, the fire separation distance was not considered during design (Case 8, 13 and 18). Some buildings designed the fire separation, but it was occupied by combustible sundries or illegally modified, increasing the possibility of fire spread on the contrary (Case 3, 19 and 23). The wind speed was not found to aggravate the spread in these cases, but it cannot be ignored, especially for those areas with higher wind speed. Some studies have also analyzed the effects of fire separation distance and ventilation in IS [2,36].
- Safety evacuation: From the perspective of safe evacuation, we try to fully consider the factors that affect the evacuation (See Appendix B). In these cases, the factors are in poor condition for IS. There was only one staircase and one exit, and the evacuation channel was filled with combustible materials in many houses (Case 4, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 25). In some industrial buildings, the emergency lighting system and evacuation indicator system was damaged and did not function (Case 9 and 10). Meanwhile, there are many short-term rental houses in IS, and the occupants have low awareness of fire safety and are also unfamiliar with the escape routes of the building. Once a fire occurs, it is easy to cause casualties.
5. Discussion
5.1. Fire Risk Sources
- Fire protection design
- Fire equipment
- Fire safety management
5.2. Solutions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Objects | Factors | Weight |
---|---|---|
Building layout 1 | Building height | 0.00435 |
Fire resistance rating | 0.00435 | |
Fire separation distance | 0.00102 | |
Fire lane setting | 0.00168 | |
Fire climbing site | 0.00168 | |
Fire elevator | 0.00168 | |
Fire lane occupation | 0.00168 | |
Fire compartment | Equipment rooms | 0.01468 |
Fire doors, roller shutter and firewalls | 0.01957 | |
Pipe shaft | 0.01468 | |
Design for evacuation | Evacuation routes | 0.00700 |
Staircase | 0.02099 | |
Emergency exit | 0.02099 | |
Emergency doors | 0.02099 | |
Shelter | 0.00700 | |
Decoration and insulation materials | Combustion performance of the wall materials | 0.01077 |
Combustion performance of the indoor decoration materials | 0.01077 | |
Installation type of decoration and insulation materials | 0.00359 | |
Electrical fire protection design | Separation distance of wires | 0.00345 |
Quality of electrical equipment and cables | 0.01036 | |
Fire protection for wire laying | 0.01036 | |
Fire prevention between electrical equipment and combustibles | 0.00345 | |
Exposure condition | Relative humidity | 0.00123 |
Wind speed 2 | 0.00368 |
Objects | Factors | Weight |
---|---|---|
Fire water supply system | Fire pump | 0.02500 |
Stabilized pressure pump | 0.02500 | |
Water level in the fire water tank | 0.02500 | |
Fire hydrant system | Fire hydrant components | 0.01071 |
Fire hydrant start pump | 0.03214 | |
Fire hydrant pressure | 0.03214 | |
Automatic sprinkler system | Sprinkler components | 0.02250 |
Model and layout of nozzle | 0.00750 | |
End water-test equipment installation | 0.02250 | |
End water-test equipment pressure | 0.02250 | |
Fire alarm system | Fire control center | 0.00804 |
Model and layout of fire detectors | 0.00804 | |
Fire detector’s function | 0.00804 | |
Fire protection telephone | 0.00804 | |
Emergency broadcast | 0.00804 | |
Graphic display devices | 0.00804 | |
Linkage control of fire signal | 0.00804 | |
Linkage control of fire roller shutter | 0.00261 | |
Failure rate of fire detectors | 0.00804 | |
Electrical fire monitoring device | 0.00804 | |
Smoke management system | Exhausting system function | 0.00938 |
Model and layout of exhausting system | 0.00313 | |
Smoke prevention system function | 0.00938 | |
Model and layout of smoke prevention system | 0.00313 | |
Emergency power supply system | Fire emergency power | 0.01250 |
Terminal switching device | 0.01250 | |
Emergency lighting system and evacuation indicator system | System components | 0.00938 |
Model and layout of luminaires | 0.00313 | |
Model and layout of evacuation indicators | 0.00313 | |
Linkage control function | 0.00938 | |
Fire extinguishers | Model of extinguishers | 0.01500 |
Layout of extinguishers | 0.00500 | |
Validity period and pressure of extinguishers | 0.00500 |
Objects | Factors | Weight |
---|---|---|
Fire legality | Fire legality of the building | 0.02071 |
Fire safety management system | Security policies and operating regulations | 0.01280 |
Fire protection archives | 0.02231 | |
Responsibilities of the departments and personnel | 0.02545 | |
Implementation of fire safety management | Fire safety training and education records within one year | 0.01771 |
Fire inspections in the past 30 days | 0.05312 | |
On-duty status of the control room in the past 30 days | 0.05312 | |
On-duty status of the control room in the past 24 h | 0.01771 | |
Routine maintenance in the past 30 days | 0.05312 | |
Alarm review in the past 24 h | 0.05312 | |
Rectification of fire hazards in the past 7 days | 0.05312 | |
Plans and drill records within one year | 0.01771 |
Appendix B
Number | Name | States |
---|---|---|
I1 | Open flame | Yes; No |
I2 | Smoke | Yes; No |
I3 | Play with fire | Yes; No |
I4 | Arson | Yes; No |
I5 | Operation with sparks | Yes; No |
I6 | Human sources | Yes; No |
I7 | Unsafe electricity consumption behavior | Yes; No |
I8 | Standardization of electrical equipment and wires installation | Yes; No |
I9 | Separation from combustibles | Yes; No |
I10 | Electrical sources | Yes; No |
I11 | Pyrophoric chemical | Yes; No |
I12 | Dangerous substance | Yes; No |
I13 | Lightning stroke | Yes; No |
I14 | Environmental factor | Yes; No |
I15 | Ignition sources | Yes; No |
I16 | Security policies and operating regulations | Yes; No |
I17 | Fire safety training and education | Yes; No |
I18 | Rectification of fire hazards | Yes; No |
I19 | Fire prevention management | Yes; No |
Number | Name | States |
---|---|---|
S1 | Ignition | Yes; No |
G1 | Fire detector’s settings | Yes; No |
G2 | Fire detector’s function | Yes; No |
G3 | Fire alarm system | Yes; No |
G4 | Configuration of extinguishers | Yes; No |
G5 | Operation training of extinguishers | Yes; No |
G6 | Responsibilities of the departments and personnel | Yes; No |
G7 | Manual extinguishing | Yes; No |
Number | Name | States |
---|---|---|
S2 | Growth | Yes; No |
D1 | Vertical fire compartment | Yes; No |
D2 | Horizontal fire compartment | Yes; No |
D3 | Fire compartment | Yes; No |
D4 | Standardization of decoration and insulation Materials | Yes; No |
D5 | Fire resistance | Good; Medium; Poor |
D6 | Structural fire protection | Yes; No |
D7 | Fire control center | Yes; No |
D8 | On-duty status | Yes; No |
D9 | Fire control manager | Yes; No |
D10 | Linkage control function | Yes; No |
D11 | Fire control system | Yes; No |
D12 | Automatic sprinkler system | Yes; No |
D13 | Fire hydrant system | Yes; No |
D14 | Distance to the fire station (Whether the arrival time is more than 5 min) | Yes; No |
D15 | Clear fire lane | Yes; No |
D16 | Fire brigade | Yes; No |
Number | Name | States |
---|---|---|
S3 | Development | Yes; No |
Sp1 | Fire separation | Yes; No |
Sp2 | Wind speed (Whether the wind level is more than Level 4) | Yes; No |
Number | Name | States |
---|---|---|
S3 | Development | Yes; No |
E0 | Safety evacuation | Yes; No |
E1 | Evacuation drills | Yes; No |
E2 | Responsibilities of the departments and personnel | Yes; No |
E3 | Evacuation skills | Yes; No |
E4 | Evacuation route | Yes; No |
E5 | Staircase | Yes; No |
E6 | Emergency exit | Yes; No |
E7 | Evacuating gate | Yes; No |
E8 | Shelter | Yes; No |
E9 | Evacuation facilities | Yes; No |
E10 | Emergency broadcast system | Yes; No |
E11 | Emergency announcements | Yes; No |
E12 | Smoke management system | Yes; No |
E13 | Building height | Yes; No |
E14 | Emergency power supply system | Yes; No |
E15 | Emergency lighting system | Yes; No |
E16 | Evacuation indicator system | Yes; No |
E17 | Fire scene environment | Yes; No |
E18 | Complexity of evacuation process | Yes; No |
References
- Abunyewah, M.; Gajendran, T.; Maund, K. Profiling Informal Settlements for Disaster Risks. Procedia Eng. 2018, 212, 238–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cicione, A.; Wade, C.; Spearpoint, M. A preliminary investigation to develop a semi-probabilistic model of informal settlement fire spread using B-RISK. Fire Saf. J. 2021, 120, 103115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cicione, A.; Walls, R.; Stevens, S. An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effects of Leakages and Ventilation Conditions on Informal Settlement Fire Dynamics. Fire Technol. 2022, 58, 217–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beshir, M.; Omar, K.; Centeno, F.R. Experimental and Numerical Study for the Effect of Horizontal Openings on the External Plume and Potential Fire Spread in Informal Settlements. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 2380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arce, S.G.; Jeanneret, C.; Gales, J. Human behaviour in informal settlement fires in Costa Rica. Saf. Sci. 2021, 142, 105384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngau, P.M.; Boit, S.J. Community fire response in Nairobi’s informal settlements. Environ. Urban. 2020, 32, 615–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gibson, L.; Wheeler, O.; Cairns, R. Fire detection in informal settlements. In Proceedings of the Remote Sensing Technologies and Applications in Urban Environments III, Berlin, Germany, 9 October 2018; Volume 10793, p. 107930R. [Google Scholar]
- Quiroz, N.F.; Walls, R.; Cicione, A. Developing a framework for fire investigations in informal settlements. Fire Saf. J. 2021, 120, 103046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rush, D.; Bankoff, G.; Cooper-Knock, S.J. Fire risk reduction on the margins of an urbanizing world. Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J. 2020, 29, 747–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quiroz, N.F.; Walls, R.; Cicione, A. Towards Understanding Fire Causes in Informal Settlements Based on Inhabitant Risk Perception. Fire 2021, 4, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walls, R.S.; Eksteen, R.; Kahanji, C. Appraisal of fire safety interventions and strategies for informal settlements in South Africa. Disaster Prev. Manag. 2019, 28, 343–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isabela, W.M.; Elinorata, C.M. Urban fire risk control: House design, upgrading and replanning. Jàmbá J. Disaster Risk Stud. 2018, 10, a522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrissey, J.; Taylor, A. Fire Risk in Informal Settlements: A South African Case Study. Open House Int. 2006, 31, 98–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charlesworth, S.M.; Kligerman, D.C.; Blackett, M. The Potential to Address Disease Vectors in Favelas in Brazil Using Sustainable Drainage Systems: Zika, Drainage and Greywater Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murray, M.J. Fire and ice: Unnatural disasters and the disposable urban poor in post-apartheid Johannesburg. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2009, 33, 165–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mutyambizi, C.; Mokhele, T.; Ndinda, C. Access to and satisfaction with basic services in informal settlements: Results from a baseline assessment survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Govender, T.; Barnes, J.M.; Pieper, C.H. The impact of densification by means of informal shacks in the backyards of low-cost houses on the environment and service delivery in Cape Town, South Africa. Environ. Health Insights 2011, 5, S7112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- John, T.; Nicola, C.; James, H. Improved Methods for Fire Risk Assessment in Low-Income and Informal Settlements. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 139. [Google Scholar]
- Giambelli, M.; Vitti, A.; Bezzi, M. Towards a Decision Support System for environmental emergencies management in poor settlements in the Kathmandu Valley (Nepal). Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res. 2016, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.S.; Zhou, R.; Xu, S.D. Probabilistic analysis of natural gas pipeline network accident based on Bayesian network. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 2017, 46, 126–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, C.; George, V.H. The modeling of fire spread in buildings by Bayesian network. Fire Saf. J. 2009, 44, 901–908. [Google Scholar]
- Matellini, D.B.; Wall, A.D.; Jenkinson, I.D. Modelling dwelling fire development and occupancy escape using Bayesian network. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2013, 114, 75–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, J.; Shu, X.M.; Shen, S.F. A method to improve the determination of ignition probability in buildings based on Bayesian network. Fire Mater. 2021, 46, 666–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. Available online: http://www.gov.cn/premier/2018-10/09/content_5328911.htm (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. Fire Safety Requirement for the Place Combined with Habitation, Production, Storage and Business; GA703-2007; Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2007.
- FSB (Fire Service Bureau). China Fire Yearbook; Yunnan Personnel Press: Kunming, China, 2012–2018. [Google Scholar]
- China News Weekly. There Have Been Over 6000 Fire Accidents This Year! Why Do Electric Bicycles Explode Frequently? Available online: https://www.baidu.com/link?url=bEv9SMswaGC2LZn9r5FJ1oTaKq08SX0nbphsVGKbG-R3dQHwKUJ4EeUYEB-oOyKaBST1NVYClqfiqcSj4fV4UmZkyMCbknJqds1sDJvM0wu&wd=&eqid=f809e7e7001d699f0000000361ab1e0f (accessed on 4 November 2021).
- Forman, E.H.; Saul, I.G. The analytical hierarchy process—An exposition. Oper. Res. 2001, 49, 469–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.X. Fire risk assessment and factor analysis of buildings based on multi-target decision and fuzzy mathematical model. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 2019, 37, 6337–6348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khatakho, R.; Gautam, D.; Aryal, K.R. Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, L.J.; Chen, X.Y.; Ma, D.L. Risk Assessment and Prevention and Control Countermeasures of Urban Village Fire based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process. Saf. Secur. 2019, 40, 19–23. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Peng, J.H.; Shi, S.L.; Liu, Y. Assessment, Prevention and Control of Fire Risk in Urban-Rural Joint Area. Saf. Secur. 2019, 40, 28–31. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Tang, F.; Hu, L.H.; Huo, R. Urban village regional fire risk assessment model based on AHP. Fire Sci. Technol. 2010, 29, 533–537. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Global Safety Tanzer Technology Co., Ltd. GSC FIRE MANAGER. Available online: http://www.gstanzer.com/ (accessed on 22 October 2021).
- Shu, X.M.; Yan, J.; Hu, J. Risk assessment model for building fires based on a Bayesian network. J. Tsinghua Univ. 2020, 60, 321–327. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Gibson, L.; Beshir, M. Determination of Critical Separation Distance Between Dwellings in Informal Settlements Fire. Fire Technol. 2021, 57, 987–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shengzhuo Metal Material Co., Ltd. A Kind of Color Steel Plate. Available online: https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a230r.1.14.16.b44c78f2EdWdZI&id=45246434586&ns=1&abbucket=7#detail (accessed on 2 November 2021).
- Chi, J.P.; Jin, J.; Luan, L.S. Study on correlation between fire traces and fire condition of rock wool color steel plates. China Saf. Sci. J. 2019, 29, 45–50. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Z.Q.; Jiang, Z.A.; Zhang, J.F. Fire risk analysis and preventive measures of the building with color steel plate. Sichuan Build. Sci. 2012, 38, 66–68. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhuo, P.; Wang, G.H.; Zhao, B. Combustion performance of colored steel composite sandwich panel building. Fire Sci. Technol. 2014, 33, 1105–1108. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, M.; Zhu, M.R.; Li, X.Q. Full-scale experimental study of fire hazard of building with staircase leading to the top in the middle. Fire Sci. Technol. 2019, 38, 504–508. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Hu, J.; Shu, X.M.; Xie, S.T. Socioeconomic determinants of urban fire risk: A city-wide analysis of 283 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2016. Fire Saf. J. 2019, 110, e102890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donna, S. Income, housing and fire injuries: A census tract analysis. Public Health Rep. 2006, 121, 149–154. [Google Scholar]
- Duncanson, M.; Woodward, A.; Reid, P. Socioeconomic deprivation and fatal unintentional domestic fire incidents in New Zealand 1993–1998. Fire Saf. J. 2002, 37, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Case Number | Date | City | Cause | IS Type | Casualty |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 13 January 2011 | Changsha | Electric heater failure | IMS | 14 |
2 | 17 January 2011 | Wuhan | Unclear | OC | 14 |
3 | 25 April 2011 | Beijing | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 42 |
4 | 8 August 2013 | Rui’an | Electrical circuit failure | OC | 7 |
5 | 19 November 2013 | Beijing | Electric heater | IFS | 16 |
6 | 1 January 2013 | Hangzhou | Arson | IMS | 5 |
7 | 11 December 2013 | Shenzhen | Electrical circuit failure | IFS | 21 |
8 | 11 January 2014 | Shangri-La | Electric heater | OC | 0 |
9 | 14 January 2014 | Taizhou | Electrical circuit failure | IMS | 21 |
10 | 16 November 2014 | Shouguang | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 31 |
11 | 29 November 2014 | Cixi | Electrical circuit failure | IFS | 6 |
12 | 26 December 2014 | Fuyang | Unclear | ICS | 11 |
13 | 21 May 2015 | Xi’an | Electrical equipment failure | ICS | 3 |
14 | 25 May 2015 | Pingdingshan | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 45 |
15 | 2 January 2015 | Harbin | Electric heater | OC | 19 |
16 | 25 June 2015 | Zhengzhou | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 17 |
17 | 31 December 2015 | Shenyang | Unclear | OC | 6 |
18 | 15 February 2016 | Qionglai | Careless use of fire | OC | 5 |
19 | 18 June 2016 | Shanghai | Electrical circuit failure | IMS | 5 |
20 | 23 September 2016 | Chengdu | Electrical circuit failure | IFS | 0 |
21 | 26 May 2016 | Hangzhou | Careless use of fire | IMS | 7 |
22 | 25 September 2017 | Yuhuan | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 13 |
23 | 4 November 2017 | Dunhuang | Careless use of fire | ICS | 0 |
24 | 18 November 2017 | Beijing | Electrical circuit failure | IFS | 27 |
25 | 30 December 2017 | Ganzhou | Electrical circuit failure | ICS | 5 |
26 | 28 December 2018 | Sanming | Careless use of fire | OC | 5 |
Global Factor | Scores |
---|---|
fire protection design | 20 |
fire equipment | 40 |
fire safety management | 40 |
Orientation | Possibility(%) |
---|---|
very likely | 99 |
likely | 80 |
possible | 50 |
unlikely | 20 |
very unlikely | 1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hu, J.; Xie, X.; Shu, X.; Shen, S.; Ni, X.; Zhang, L. Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315689
Hu J, Xie X, Shu X, Shen S, Ni X, Zhang L. Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315689
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Jun, Xuecai Xie, Xueming Shu, Shifei Shen, Xiaoyong Ni, and Lei Zhang. 2022. "Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315689