The Association between Race/Ethnicity and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Bone Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Localized (n = 2667) | Regional/Distant (n = 3597) | p-Value | ||
n | % | n | % | ||
Race/Ethnicity | 0.536 | ||||
NH-White | 2053 | 43.0 | 2723 | 57.0 | |
NH-Black | 230 | 42.2 | 315 | 57.8 | |
NH-API | 156 | 39.4 | 240 | 60.6 | |
Hispanic | 228 | 41.7 | 319 | 58.3 | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||
0–21 | 902 | 36.8 | 1547 | 63.2 | |
22–64 | 1419 | 48.9 | 1483 | 51.1 | |
65–85 | 346 | 37.9 | 567 | 62.1 | |
Sex | <0.001 | ||||
Male | 1368 | 38.9 | 2145 | 61.1 | |
Female | 1299 | 47.2 | 1452 | 52.8 | |
Tumor Grade | <0.001 | ||||
Grade I | 619 | 71.1 | 252 | 29.9 | |
Grade II | 468 | 52.2 | 528 | 47.8 | |
Grade III | 236 | 34.8 | 442 | 65.2 | |
Grade IV | 313 | 30.6 | 711 | 69.4 | |
Not-determined | 1031 | 36.9 | 1764 | 63.1 | |
Type of Bone Cancer | <0.001 | ||||
Osteosarcoma | 915 | 35.1 | 1689 | 64.9 | |
Chondrosarcoma | 1245 | 57.9 | 906 | 42.1 | |
Giant Cell Tumor | 70 | 51.9 | 65 | 48.2 | |
Ewing Sarcoma | 437 | 31.8 | 937 | 68.2 | |
Decade | 0.15 | ||||
1973–1982 | 504 | 43.1 | 666 | 56.9 | |
1983–1992 | 511 | 39.9 | 770 | 60.1 | |
1993–2002 | 720 | 44.0 | 916 | 56.0 | |
2003–2014 | 932 | 42.8 | 1245 | 57.2 | |
Geographic Location | 0.425 | ||||
Completely/Mostly Rural | 161 | 40.7 | 235 | 59.3 | |
Mostly Urban | 2506 | 42.7 | 3362 | 57.4 |
Characteristics | Unadjusted | Adjusted 1 |
---|---|---|
OR 2 (95% CI 3) | OR (95% CI) | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
NH-W (n = 4776) | Ref 4 | |
NH-B (n = 545) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.94 (0.78–1.38) |
NH-API (n = 396) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) |
Hispanic (n = 547) | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) |
Age (years) | ||
0–21 (n = 2449) | 1.64 (1.47–1.83) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) |
22–64 (n = 2902) | Ref | |
65–85 (n = 913) | 1.57 (1.35–1.83) | 1.66 (1.42–1.96) |
Sex | ||
Female (n = 2070) | Ref | |
Male (n = 2706) | 1.40 (1.27–1.55) | 1.35 (1.22–1.51) |
Tumor Grade | ||
Grade I (n = 714) | Ref | |
Grade II (n = 716) | 2.25 (1.85–2.73) | 2.14 (1.75–2.60) |
Grade III (n = 489) | 4.60 (3.71–5.71) | 3.32 (2.61–4.21) |
Grade IV (n = 690) | 5.58 (4.58–6.80) | 3.70 (2.92–4.69) |
Not determined (n = 2167) | 4.20 (3.56–4.96) | 2.73 (2.21–3.36) |
Type of Bone Cancer | ||
Osteosarcoma (n = 1766) | Ref | |
Chondrosarcoma (n = 1784) | 0.39 (0.35–0.44) | 0.57 (0.48–0.68) |
Giant Cell Tumor (n = 89) | 0.50 (0.36–0.71) | 0.54 (0.38–0.78) |
Ewing Sarcoma (n = 1137) | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) |
Decade | ||
1973–1982 (n = 977) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.99 (0.85–1.17) |
1983–1992 (n = 1017) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) |
1993–2002 (n = 714) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) |
2003–2014 (n = 714) | Ref | |
Geographic Location | ||
Mostly urban (n = 4403) | Ref | |
Completely/Mostly Rural (n = 373) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) |
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Oweisi, A.; Mustafa, M.S.; Mustafa, L.S.; Eily, A.N.; Rodriguez de la Vega, P.; Castro, G.; Barengo, N.C. The Association between Race/Ethnicity and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Bone Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315802
Oweisi A, Mustafa MS, Mustafa LS, Eily AN, Rodriguez de la Vega P, Castro G, Barengo NC. The Association between Race/Ethnicity and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Bone Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315802
Chicago/Turabian StyleOweisi, Ayman, Moawiah S. Mustafa, Luai S. Mustafa, Alyssa N. Eily, Pura Rodriguez de la Vega, Grettel Castro, and Noël C. Barengo. 2022. "The Association between Race/Ethnicity and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Bone Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315802