Urban Regeneration Involving Communication between University Students and Residents: A Case Study on the Student Village Design Project
1
Department of Architecture, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
2
Smart City Research Center, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315834
Submission received: 5 November 2022
/
Revised: 25 November 2022
/
Accepted: 26 November 2022
/
Published: 28 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing, Built Environments, and Neighborhoods in Urban and Rural Human Settlements)
Abstract
:This study analyzed the effect of the application method of community planning in the case of the Student Village Design Project. Urban regeneration is a method that develops a city with the direct involvement of residents. However, in Korea, urban renewal projects are focused on external expansion, thereby generating conflicts among residents and prolonging these projects. In particular, university towns are experiencing various types of conflicts compared with other urban regeneration projects because the lives of residents and university students are overlapped. Therefore, the research method is conducted as follows to analyze the communication effect in accordance with the purpose of the study. First, we reviewed community planning methods as led by university students. Second, we applied community planning to the project. Third, the results and effects of resident communication were analyzed after applying community planning. Fourth, in the student-led urban regeneration, a community planning method that has results and effects in resident communication was derived. We found that community planning is a significant means of communication between university students and residents. The concrete finding was derived from necessary and optional methods that have high communication effects with residents among the community planning methods.
1. Introduction
1.1. Research Background
The Korean economy is transitioning from high to low growth. City management projects in this low-growth period are primarily focused on improving the quality of citizen life, rather than on external expansion and growth [1]. Among them, the urban regeneration method, which utilizes local community space to induce social exchanges among residents, is receiving increasing attention as a city management strategy [2]. The Seoul Metropolitan Government began various urban regeneration projects, to improve the local residential environment in underdeveloped areas around its university towns, as of 2011. However, these urban regeneration projects involving universities tended to focus on physical facility extension (e.g., land purchase, expansion of university boundaries), which then increased land prices in adjacent sites, and generated conflicts with local communities through problems such as landscape and natural environment destruction, in addition to being inadequate as a city management technique in the low-growth period [3]. Thus, the Seoul Metropolitan Government is carrying forward the “Campus Town Project” as a city management technique in this low-growth period, in order to help universities to coexist with their wider communities [4,5]. Prior research related to housing regeneration in university towns has found that constant discussion between residents and universities leads to higher satisfaction, following such development [6,7,8]. However, most housing regeneration projects in university towns are carried out directly by the universities [4,9,10,11,12,13], with relatively few cases in which university students communicate with residents; there are also few studies on community planning techniques in this context.
Thus, the current study derived effective community planning methods for urban regeneration by organizing the process in which university students communicate with residents, and analyzed their performance and outcomes. Moreover, as public design (including the street environment, community, and infrastructure) appears to be an important factor in urban regeneration projects [14,15], this study focused on the public design of urban regeneration. To this end, it analyzed a specific case (the Student Village Design Project) in which University A conducted a public design project with university students aimed at urban regeneration. The spatial scope was the residential area around University A, and the temporal scope was from June 2020 to January 2021, during which the Student Village Design Project was implemented.
The main objectives and methods of this research are summarized as follows. First, community planning methods through which students and residents can communicate are reviewed, and previous studies on the importance and methods of urban regeneration that involves resident participation. Second, this study provides information on how to apply community planning methods to the Student Village Design Project. Third, we analyze the effects of community planning methods in each phase of the Student Village Design Project. Finally, we derive and discuss community planning methods for urban regeneration, in which students and residents can communicate better.
1.2. Importance of Resident Participation in Urban Regeneration
Urban regeneration is not planned by either administrators or policymakers, but is rather conducted democratically through involving citizens in the planning process [16]. The role of resident participation in urban regeneration is to exert influence over the process of shaping, selecting, and executing public policies [17,18,19]. In this process, public concerns, needs, and values are important factors within public decision making [20]. In other words, a two-way communication and interaction process between residents and the public sector involves establishing policies that can be both supported and accepted by residents [21].
Some notable finding on the effects of resident participation on urban regeneration are as follows. First, resident participation in urban regeneration alleviates social disadvantages and alienation [22,23,24,25,26]. Moreover, the rationality and democracy of a given plan can be secured by involving residents in the processes of planning and implementation [27]. Hong [12] argues that residents with interests in urban regeneration can find ways to resolve or minimize conflicts, by directly participating in these projects. This is because these residents are most acutely aware of the local regional characteristics. Further, Elster [28] and Jin et al. [29] revealed that resident participation has a positive effect on neighborhood satisfaction. This result is related to the fact that residents’ community spirit is subsequently strengthened, and ultimately contributes to regional revitalization. However, resident participation also has some negative effects. For example, Ferilli et al. [30] explain that resident participation is critical in social storytelling, community informatics, relational public art, and culture projects, but that it may also instigate inequality by investing power with only a few people. Furthermore, Hong [12] argues that resident participation unnecessarily extends the discussion period, due to the resulting complexity with stakeholders. Thus, it is important to have appropriate regulations on the extent and methods of stakeholder involvement.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Research Data
2.1.1. Data of the Student Village Design Project
University A carried out the Student Village Design Project as part of Seoul Metropolitan Government’s Campus Town Project, using the results of this study. The data used included the planning process, execution process, results, and student satisfaction survey after the project. The Student Village Design Project was carried out across two phases, with the first phase taking place from June to December 2020, while the second was from January to June 2021, thereby lasting six months each.
2.1.2. Study Area
The study site is the area represented by the red dotted line in Figure 1. This area is approximately 106,450 m2, and consists of 65% detached houses, 20% neighborhood living facilities, 11% apartment houses, and 4% other buildings [31]. The section where the red dotted line and the blue solid line in Figure 1 overlap is the entrance to the university, which is surrounded by retaining walls. Neighborhood commercial facilities (highlighted in yellow in Figure 1) are located around the main road, on the west and south sides. This site is used as a passage for students to access neighborhood commercial facilities. This site has a system in which a resident council is formed to discuss the neighborhood’s issues, led by a resident representative. There are certain problems, such as a lack of parking space, narrow roads, noise problems, insufficient infrastructure, and security issues. Moreover, the residential space of citizens and the activity space of university students overlap, meaning that there are trash disposal and noise issues caused by students [32].
2.1.3. Participant Characteristics
In total, 60 university students participated in the Student Village Design Project: 36 in the first phase and 24 in the second. There were 46 students from the department of architecture, four from the department of industrial design, and 10 from various other departments, such as design innovation, information protection, tourism and hospitality, urban sociology, and painting. These university students were leaders of the Student Village Design Project, with this study referring to them as “Student Village Designers”. There are approximately 3000 residents living in the target area, and the average age of residents is 41 years [33]. The Student Village Design Project was carried out based on individual communication between students and residents, with some key matters being directly discussed with the resident representative.
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Research Process
First, this study explained the Student Village Design Project in each stage of its process, and analyzed the activity phase and application methods of the relevant community-based planning. The process was conducted in the order of a basic survey and setting, selecting student village designers, workshops, preparing and supplementing the action plan, and project implementation. The basic survey involved conducting a situation survey, deriving key issues, and planning publicity ideas. The process of selecting Student Village Designers included putting up a recruitment notice, assessment, and a launching ceremony following selection. Steps taken in the workshop included deriving regional agendas (topics), finding problems and their causes, deriving implementation methods, and design conception, with it being carried out four times. Preparing the action plan included basing it on the workshop’s results, a discussion with related agencies, and revising it through expert mentoring. Project implementation involved construction and holding an awards ceremony, and a performance-sharing event. Second, this study examined the effects of each community planning method, with a focus on resident communication and outcomes. Third, this research investigated and discussed effective urban regeneration methods, in which students and residents communicated.
2.2.2. Process and Methods of Urban Regeneration That Involve Resident Participation
Wates [34] outlines various plans involving resident participation across 53 methods. Among them, 37 can be applied to the process in which university students and residents communicate to create public design. This is summarized in Table 1. The methods in Table 1 can be classified into planning, discussion, survey, interactive display, publicity, assessment, creating and using space, creating and using organizations, and budget support.
Each method can be described as follows. Planning involves participants discussing the content, period, and stages of planning, including action planning events and briefing workshops. Discussion involves finding agendas and deriving ideas from various perspectives, and includes activity weeks, art workshops, design games, design workshops, gaming, planning days, practical planning, planning weekends, prioritizing, process planning sessions, reconnaissance trips, photo surveys, risk assessments, and simulations. Interactive display is a stage that involves communicating and discussing opinions with residents, while also involving wider publicity. Surveying includes choice catalogues, community profiling, and table scheme displays. Additionally, the visual expression of a situation analysis, and the relevant discussion results, can be presented with diagrams, electronic maps, elevation montage, mapping, and models. The assessment’s purpose is to develop creative ideas and increase initiative, involving award schemes, idea competitions, and review sessions. Publicity involves publicizing the project content, ideas, and outcomes, which includes design fests, local design statements, newspaper supplements, open house events, street stalls, and video soapboxes. Creating and using space involves the development of a physical environment for urban regeneration participants to gather and share information, including architecture and community design centers. Finally, organizations include design assistance teams, planning aid schemes, and user groups.
3. Analyzing the Effects of Student Village Design According to the Community Planning Method
3.1. Analyzing Each Stage of the Community Planning Method
3.1.1. Basic Survey
A basic survey is the process of discovering key regional issues through a situation analysis of the study site, as well as making plans for publicity. A situation survey was conducted in the form of a resident survey, to investigate the sites that required improvement in the local residential environment. The respondents were to mark these areas on the map, and explain their reasoning for the same. The survey was conducted face to face, with 74 copies of the questionnaire being used. As a result, the respondents marked, on the map, areas that require sanitary management, areas with frequent noise issues, and areas that require environmental improvement. According to Park and Yang [35], it was revealed that university towns have noise and poor sanitation, which provides a reliable basis for the survey results. This kind of resident survey is used to conduct investigations for planning, as shown in Table 2, and applied “community profiling”.
The survey results can be mapped as follows. There were 26 spots and five streets that required improvement, in the residential environment in question. Sites with illegal trash disposals are marked using blue dots, those with safety issues are marked using gray dots, streets with frequent motorcycle travel are marked with orange lines, sites with numerous illegally parked cars are marked with purple lines, and those with noise issues are marked using green dots (Figure 2).
Publicity planning was conducted to recruit Student Village Designers, and communicate with residents. Publicity applies the “community design center” method, using the Campus Town support center as its key base. A banner showing a QR code is attached in front of the support center, displaying the project’s details and information (Figure 3a), with a resident opinion box installed in the lobby of the support center, to gather resident opinions (Figure 3b). Moreover, a YouTube channel was set up for publicity, and the collection of resident opinions (Figure 3c). This is known as “interactive display”, in the field of publicity, as shown in Table 2.
3.1.2. Selecting Student Village Designers
Student Village Designers were recruited through university posters, the websites of related agencies, social media, and a YouTube channel shared among students of universities in Seoul, other than University A. The applicants were to submit their ideas through their applications for becoming Student Village Designers. Then, a launching ceremony was held to explain the meaning, roles, importance, and plans of the Student Village Design Project. This led to a “briefing workshop”, within the planning stage of community planning, as shown in Table 2.
3.1.3. Workshops
Workshops were held four times, once per week, over the course of a month for Student Village Designers to investigate, discuss, and derive feasible projects (Table 3).
Regional agendas were derived during the first workshop. “Rich Picture” [36] was used in this process, to develop various agendas by drawing pictures when people with different perspectives explored complex issues (Figure 4). The visual elements of these pictures helped us to understand the connections of the parts of the project, as well as the whole [37]. This is the discussion stage in the form of an “art workshop”. The sites were selected with reference to the places where the regional problems were reported to occur in the planning stage (Figure 2).
The second workshop involved sharing the team-based survey results over the course of a week, and identifying the regional problems. For the survey, each team listed the region’s problems on a panel, and asked the residents certain questions, as they were passing by, by attaching stickers to what they thought were important topics (Figure 5a). This is the survey stage, that involves applying the “choice catalogue”. Next, a “persona-based scenario method” was used, to recreate an actual experience of the regional problems of residents. This method (developed by Alan Cooper [38]) is applied to the user-centered design. Scenarios are classified by purpose and content into context scenarios, key path scenarios, and validation scenarios. Context scenarios set the status or requirements of study sites before planning, and is suitable for application in the situation survey stage of the Student Village Design. According to the scenario, students became residents to think about the problems from three perspectives—the environmental setting, actors, and actions involved—and then gave presentations (Figure 5b,c). This process applied the “simulation” method of the discussion stage.
The third workshop involved developing potential solutions. Solutions were derived (Figure 6a) by listing the causes of each problem, and writing how to solve them on post-its. Then, a graph was prepared, as shown in Figure 6b, to identify effective solutions. The Y-axis shows time and budget, while the X-axis shows feasibility. By rearranging the post-its from Figure 6a on this graph, effective solutions were derived. The impact–effort matrix program was used, a tool to select highly effective ideas with little effort [39]. Tavares et al. [40] argued that this tool is effective in solving urban problems. For the selected solutions, specific ideas are derived, as shown in Figure 6c. This is “planning for real” in the community planning method.
The fourth workshop involved shaping a concrete design. The project, with the ideas that were generated, was modeled according to the scale of a real residential environment (Figure 7). The ideas were then revised and concretized by imagining what it would look like after implementation. This is the “design workshop” phase in the discussion stage. Next, these results received additional critiques from outside experts. This is the “review session” in the assessment stage.
3.1.4. Preparing the Action Plan
The content of the project then needed to be concretized in order to implement it, as shown in Table 4. Accordingly, the action plan needed to include the project’s name, purpose, needs, content, required period, anticipated effect, budget plan, site photos and location map, and reference images, based on the workshop results. Next, the action plan was later supplemented through evaluation and mentoring, which was carried out by the Campus Town Project manager, a resident representative, and various designers. This can be described as creating and using organizations, using the “design assistance team”. Each team held discussions with residents (including resident briefings, opinion polls, obtaining consent) and public institutions (including related department briefing, sending official documents) about the project sites and designs. This can be described as creating and using organizations in the form of communicating with the “user group”.
3.1.5. Project Implementation
The project implementation stage directly involved students in the construction process (Figure 8a). Name plates containing the list of team members who participated in the project were attached to each of the completed sites. Further, an event was held on site, in which the project was explained to residents and all other parties concerned, and then assessed. This is known as the publicity stage, in the form of “street stalls”. Later, winning works were selected based on their individual excellence, after an assessment. This applied the “award scheme” method in the assessment stage. In addition, a video outlining the goals of the Student Village Design, explanations of each project, and reviews and outcomes of the students was developed and released online (Figure 8b), which was then further publicized by the press (Figure 8c). This is, again, the publicity stage, using the “video soapbox” and “newspaper supplement” methods. The analysis results of project implementation are show in Table 4.
3.2. Effects of Community Planning Methods
The effect analysis of the community planning methods can be seen in terms of the effectiveness of resident communication and results-based effects; the findings are shown in Table 5. First, the effect of the community planning method differs in the result of resident communication depending on the process-based application. It is classified into direct and indirect effects. The direct effects are the results which reflect the opinions of residents directly when applying the community planning method. The indirect effects are the results decided on the matter by referring the opinions of residents. The result shows that the community planning used for direct effect is the community profiling in the basic survey stage and the interactive display in the setting stage. In the workshop, the direct effect was shown in the choice catalog method for setting problems and in the action plan, the method using the user group shows a direct effect. This was effective in checking the results that students had agonized over and worked on. The indirect effect was shown as the method of utilizing the community profiling and community design center in the basic survey stage. In the workshop, the art workshop, the simulation and the practical planning showed their effectiveness and it was also effective when local residents were included as the design assistance team in the action plan. Besides that, the indirect effect occurred in the street stall, the award scheme, and newspaper supplement of the project implementation stage. It seemed that indirect effects appeared in the process of agonizing over the local problems, deriving solutions, and expanding result. While the method of the design workshop and the review session were ineffective because of the lack of residents’ communication, it suggested that residents’ communication was important in the process and method when moving on to the next stage by experiencing a lot of mistakes.
The effects of the research outcomes vary in terms of the required and selective process. First, an effect resulted from the process of implementing the project. Further, the steps of community profiling and mapping in the basic survey and briefing workshops, when selecting the Student Village Designers, were essential for the workshop stage. Additionally, choice catalogues, practical planning, and the design workshops that were used to identify regional problems were important in determining ideas for the project. In particular, the user groups that supplement the action plans were crucial in the development of this project. Second, a selective process that has high applicability was used. Online publicity and interactive displays are more effective than offline publicity, but are not key in determining the project. Art workshops in deriving regional agendas, regional problem simulations, review sessions in design conception, and action plan mentoring, as well as the use of the design assistance team, are all creative activities that helped to facilitate an understanding of resident life that in turn helped to improve the overall design. Street stalls, award schemes, and newspaper supplements in the project’s implementation helped to recover resident trust, derive excellent ideas, and generate effective project publicity and diffusion.
In summary, community planning requires factors such as community profiling via a situation survey, using a choice catalogue in finding regional problems, and the use of user groups, in discussion with other key parties who are concerned with preparing the action plan. Table 5 summarizes the process of resident communication, and the resulting effects, according to community planning methods, in the implementation of the Student Village Design Project.
4. Discussion
This study examined effective community planning methods for urban regeneration projects by analyzing the process and performance of urban regeneration through an investigation into the communication between selected university students and residents. The study subject here was the Student Village Design Project of University A. This paper has been developed based on a literature review, three main results derived from the study, and the implications of the findings.
First, we found that the resident communication process is critical in determining the action plan as structured, in the order of publicity, opinion gathering, and the identification of regional problems. The effective communication technique of each process is community profiling for situation surveys, the interactive display of online communication, choice catalogues in identifying regional problems, and the utilization of user group discussions with all parties concerned. For resident participation, the user group method was found to be most active, followed by interactive display, community profiling, and choice catalogue. This result shows that resident participation is important for both project planning and implementation, as claimed by Elster [28] and Bae [27] et al. Moreover, this supports the findings of Hong [12], who states that adequate resident participation is only needed depending on the scope or method used, rather than participation in the entire process. In this context, active resident participation is more important in the implementation process than during planning.
Second, methods important for project implementation that do not involve communication with residents include mapping to derive key issues, briefing workshops to select project participants, practical planning to derive solutions, and design workshops and models for design conception. Mapping, briefing workshops, and practical planning were conducted with reference to the results of the resident opinion poll, which took place before these decisions. Thus, we ensured the facilitation of some degree of resident communication. Here, resident participation can cause problems such as increasing resident fatigue and delaying the project [41,42] and, as such, this study’s results are a likely solution to these problems. In addition, we found design conception to be an important method throughout this process, but that it may require resident communication further down the road. Therefore, among community planning methods, choice catalogues for design selection, table scheme displays for design exhibition, and opinion gathering must be conducted through resident communication.
Third, we found that the methods that are effective in resident communication (although they are not required) are the use of design assistance teams, street stalls, award schemes, newspaper supplements, and video soapboxes. Design assistance teams and award schemes are particularly effective in deriving designs preferred by residents. In particular, street stalls positively influenced the residents’ negative perceptions about urban regeneration and the university. This proves that the joint participation of university students and residents is likely to increase the effect of urban regeneration projects in university towns. On the other hand, we found that using a community design center had little effect in resident communication, which could be related to the restricted face-to-face activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
This study applies the community planning method, which several scholars recommend, and analyzes its effect. The studies of Tavares et al. [40] and Loh [43] use a similar methodology to this study. Tavares et al. [40] derived an effective community participatory method for urban design from the empirical case. Loh [43] drew a step where there may be a disconnection with various stakeholders in policy planning. Thus, this study methodology can be said to be suitable for research which analyzes the effect of applying the theoretical planning method to the empirical case.
5. Conclusions
This study analyzed the effect of applying the community method to the case of the Student Village Design Project to derive an effective method of urban regeneration in which students and residents communicate. In consequence, both direct and indirect methods of residents’ communication were founded, and essential and useful methods were selected in terms of results. In summary, urban regeneration projects in which university students communicate with local residents show different levels of resident communication, or outcomes/effects, depending on the community planning methods used. In other words, it was more important for residents to participate in the essential stages in an effective way than to participate in all stages. For example, the method which showed a direct effect on communication between students and residents, and was essential for effective results was shown to be community profiling in the basic survey, interactive display in online PR, choice catalog in finding regional problems, and the use of the user group in the action plan.
This study has the following limitations. First, only 37 out of 53 community planning methods were used. Thus, the effect analysis was conducted on only these 37 methods that were applied to a real-world case, meaning that the adequacy of each method was determined in this specific context. Second, the Student Village Design Project was short-term in nature; hence, it was difficult to assess the continuity and sustainability of the observed effects. Third, the resident opinion poll was conducted on only a subset of all the local residents. This is because face-to-face contact was limited due to COVID-19, and because the project was carried out over a short period. In future urban regeneration projects, it is therefore necessary to continuously conduct research that applies various community planning methods and validates the noted effects. In addition, applying scientific research methodology, it is necessary to derive the objective and generalized research result. The results of this study can be used as basic data for establishing resident participation models and community planning methods in student-led urban regeneration projects.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.Y.K.; methodology, J.Y.K. and J.H.K.; validation, J.Y.K. and J.H.K.; formal analysis, J.Y.K.; investigation, J.Y.K.; resources, J.Y.K.; data curation, J.Y.K.; writing—original draft preparation, J.Y.K.; writing—review and editing, J.Y.K. and J.H.K.; visualization, J.Y.K.; funding acquisition, J.Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant (22TSRD-B151228-04) from the Urban Declining Area Regenerative Capacity-Enhancing Technology Research Program funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Korean Government.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data can be made available upon contacting the authors.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Kim, S.H. Urban policy direction in response to the low-growth era. Urban Inf. Serv. 2017, 418, 2. [Google Scholar]
- Park, J.S. A Study on Urban Regeneration by Community Regeneration—Focussing on Community Regeneration Projects in the U.K. J. Archit. Inst. Korea Plan. Des. 2017, 33, 41–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeo, H.J.; Kim, H.K.; Lee, J.I.; Lim, U. University-Community Collaboration and Community Regeneration. Urban Inf. Serv. 2010, 338, 3–15. [Google Scholar]
- Oh, J.S.; Kim, D.H.; Yeo, H.J.; Kim, S.Y. Campus Town Planning and Designing from Neighborhood Regeneration Perspectives—Focused on Designating a Strategic Area and Devising Its Creation Plan. J. Urban Des. Inst. Korea Urban Des. 2014, 15, 41–59. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, T.H.; Park, S.E.; Kim, T.H. Urban Regeneration through University-Community Partnerships in Japan: A Case Study of Yokohama City and Yokohama City University Partnership. J. Korean Geogr. Soc. 2016, 51, 57–75. [Google Scholar]
- Mace, R. Universal Design: Housing for the Lifespan of All People; Department of Housing and Urban Development, The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University: Washington, DC, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Lieberman, J.; Miller, J.; Kohl, V. Creating linkages among community-based organizations, the university, and public housing entities. Cityscape 2000, 5, 159–171. [Google Scholar]
- Ji Eun, K. A Case Study of Neighborhood Renewal through University-Community Partnership: UIC Neighborhood Initiative. Seoul Stud. 2010, 11, 69–86. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, M.Y. Campustown Strategic Plan. Architecture 2018, 62, 14–20. [Google Scholar]
- Kong, J.S.; Lee, J.H. Performance and Experience of Korea University Anam Campustown. Architecture 2018, 62, 21–25. [Google Scholar]
- Bae, W.K. Chung-Ang University Campustown: Young People, Blue Dragon Soaring from the Ground. Architecture 2018, 62, 37–42. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, Y. Resident participation in urban renewal: Focused on Sewoon renewal Promotion project and Kwun Tong town centre project. Front. Archit. Res. 2018, 7, 197–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, T.W. Campustown Planning of KwangWoon University: Implementation Strategy for Start-up Friendly City. Architecture 2018, 62, 43–48. [Google Scholar]
- Carmona, M.; Heath, T.; Oc, T.; Tiesdell, S. Urban Spaces-Public Places: The Dimensions of Urban Design; Architectural Press: Oxford, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, K. Urban regeneration for Housing Area through Public Design-With Cases of Public Design Project in the City of Busan. J. Korean Soc. Des. Sci. 2011, 24, 23–34. [Google Scholar]
- Davidoff, P. Advocacy and pluralism in planning. J. Am. Inst. Plan. 1965, 31, 331–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parry, G.; Moyser, G.; Day, N. Political Participation and Democracy in Britain; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, M.; Hambleton, R. People in Cities: A Transatlantic Policy Exchange; SAUS Publications: Bristol, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Robinson, F.; Shaw, K. Urban regeneration and community involvement. Local Econ. 1991, 6, 61–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Creighton, J.L. The Public Participation Handbook: Making Better Decisions through Citizen Involvement; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, C.; Cho, E.; Kim, G. A Study on public deliberation for urban regeneration: Focused on the’Seoulro7017 project’. J. Kor. Region. Devel. Assoc 2018, 30, 87–116. [Google Scholar]
- Dargan, L. Participation and local urban regeneration: The case of the New Deal for Communities (NDC) in the UK. Reg. Stud. 2009, 43, 305–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabbiosi, C. Urban regeneration ‘from the bottom up’ Critique or co-optation? Notes from Milan, Italy. City 2016, 20, 832–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hastings, A. Unravelling the process of’partnership’in urban regeneration policy. Urban Stud. 1996, 33, 253–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duncan, P.; Thomas, S. Neighbourhood Regeneration: Resourcing Community Involvement; Policy Press: Bristol, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Seo, S.J.; Seong, E.Y. Sustainability and the Roles of the Community-led Social Economic: Organization for Urban Regeneration. Space Environ. 2018, 28, 12–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, W.K. Housing Improvement and Citizen participation for the Recovery of Urban Community. Architecture 2002, 46, 44–49. [Google Scholar]
- Elster, J. Deliberative Democracy; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Jin, E.A.; Lee, W.J.; Kim, D.Y. Does resident participation in an urban regeneration project improve neighborhood satisfaction: A case study of “Amichojang” in Busan, South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferilli, G.; Sacco, P.L.; Blessi, G.T. Beyond the rhetoric of participation: New challenges and prospects for inclusive urban regeneration. City Cult. Soc. 2016, 7, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Open Government Data. Available online: https://www.data.go.kr/index.do (accessed on 11 October 2022).
- You, A.; Yoo, H.Y. A study of the policy improvement for the housing area as the urban regeneration of new deal project. J. Archit. Inst. Korea Plan. Des. 2018, 34, 55–64. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics Geographic Information Service. Available online: https://sgis.kostat.go.kr/view/index (accessed on 11 October 2022).
- Wates, N. The Community Planning Handbook: How People Can Shape Their Cities, Towns and Villages in Any Part of the World; Routledge: London, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Park, Y.E.; Yang, H.J. A Study on the Commercialization of Low-rise Residential Areas and the Changes in Household Composition: Hongdae as a Case Study. J. Urban Des. Inst. Korea Urban Des. 2019, 20, 85–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Checkoway, B. Reinventing the research university for public service. J. Plan. Lit. 1997, 11, 307–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conte, K.P.; Davidson, S. Using a ‘rich picture’to facilitate systems thinking in research coproduction. Health Res. Policy Syst. 2020, 18, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, A.; Reimann, R.; Cronin, D. About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Medium. That Time We Brought Design Sprint to the Ninth World Urban Forum. 2018. Available online: https://medium.com/@sigfreedo/that-time-we-brought-design-sprint-to-the-ninth-world-urban-forum-ea9bf69af63e (accessed on 17 October 2022).
- Tavares, S.G.; Sellars, D.; Dupré, K.; Mews, G.H. Implementation of the New Urban Agenda on a local level: An effective community engagement methodology for human-centred urban design. J. Urban. Int. Res. Placemaking Urban Sustain. 2022, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.H. Resident participation for residential regeneration. Plan. Policy 2018, 442, 21–26. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, J.E. A Grounded Theory Approach on Experiences of Citizen Participation in Urban Regeneration. J. Korea Plan. Assoc. 2019, 54, 24–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loh, C.G. Four potential disconnects in the community planning process. J. Plan. Educ. Res. 2012, 32, 33–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Study area.
Figure 2.
Survey results of the study sites and their regional problems.
Figure 3.
Interactive display used for publicity: (a) The banner in front of the main building guided the schedule and contact information under the theme of ‘2021 Student Village Design to solve regional problems with residents’; (b) We put a box with ‘Resident opinion box’ written on it in the lobby; (c) It is a YouTube channel screen, and each team’s work process was produced and uploaded as a video. An example of a video title is [2021 Student Village Design] Idea_Final_Team name.
Figure 3.
Interactive display used for publicity: (a) The banner in front of the main building guided the schedule and contact information under the theme of ‘2021 Student Village Design to solve regional problems with residents’; (b) We put a box with ‘Resident opinion box’ written on it in the lobby; (c) It is a YouTube channel screen, and each team’s work process was produced and uploaded as a video. An example of a video title is [2021 Student Village Design] Idea_Final_Team name.
Figure 4.
Results of detailed picture activity: (a) Topic is “Campus Town involves collaboration.” It means that universities, experts, administration, and local communities work together to create a village. (b) Topic is “Want to come to campus?” It means a town where safety, transportation, commerce, and landscape environment are created together. (c) Topic is “A three-legged race of university and residents in the alley.” It means universities and residents who pursue friendliness, coexistence, communication, and collaboration in alleyways. (d) Topic is “Campus Town as a new convergence”. It represents the students, locals, and merchants who bring vitality to a declining town.
Figure 4.
Results of detailed picture activity: (a) Topic is “Campus Town involves collaboration.” It means that universities, experts, administration, and local communities work together to create a village. (b) Topic is “Want to come to campus?” It means a town where safety, transportation, commerce, and landscape environment are created together. (c) Topic is “A three-legged race of university and residents in the alley.” It means universities and residents who pursue friendliness, coexistence, communication, and collaboration in alleyways. (d) Topic is “Campus Town as a new convergence”. It represents the students, locals, and merchants who bring vitality to a declining town.
Figure 5.
Resident opinion poll (a) and results of the persona method (b,c): (a) Stickers on problems that residents considered serious among the design, location, and management of the fire extinguisher cabinets in the village. (b) A man in his 60s who had lived in the village for 20 years complained about the smell of cigarettes and noises when taking walks around the university, and explained the need to set up a CCTV camera. (c) A female student aged 21 years explained the need to solve problems, such as lack of parking space for electric kickboards, security issues, and illegal disposal of trash.
Figure 5.
Resident opinion poll (a) and results of the persona method (b,c): (a) Stickers on problems that residents considered serious among the design, location, and management of the fire extinguisher cabinets in the village. (b) A man in his 60s who had lived in the village for 20 years complained about the smell of cigarettes and noises when taking walks around the university, and explained the need to set up a CCTV camera. (c) A female student aged 21 years explained the need to solve problems, such as lack of parking space for electric kickboards, security issues, and illegal disposal of trash.
Figure 6.
Developing ideas through the impact–effort matrix: (a) Producing solutions for the causes of reported problems: sticking post-its containing solutions to illegal parking, lack of rest area, illegal trash disposal, lack of streetlights, and lack of CCTV cameras. (b) Producing feasible solutions: grouping solutions that require less time and cost, and are feasible. (c) Specific ideas about feasible solutions.
Figure 6.
Developing ideas through the impact–effort matrix: (a) Producing solutions for the causes of reported problems: sticking post-its containing solutions to illegal parking, lack of rest area, illegal trash disposal, lack of streetlights, and lack of CCTV cameras. (b) Producing feasible solutions: grouping solutions that require less time and cost, and are feasible. (c) Specific ideas about feasible solutions.
Figure 7.
Results of idea modelling: (a) design of a fire extinguisher cabinet in the alley; (b) design of the signs on garbage disposal; (c) design of rest area.
Figure 7.
Results of idea modelling: (a) design of a fire extinguisher cabinet in the alley; (b) design of the signs on garbage disposal; (c) design of rest area.
Figure 8.
Results of project implementation: (a) project construction site: painting the front of resident gates to prevent the speeding of motorcycles in alleys; (b) releasing a video about the project outcomes (text on the screen is ‘2021 Student Village Design’); (c) press release.
Figure 8.
Results of project implementation: (a) project construction site: painting the front of resident gates to prevent the speeding of motorcycles in alleys; (b) releasing a video about the project outcomes (text on the screen is ‘2021 Student Village Design’); (c) press release.
Table 1.
Methods of each activity phase for residents and students when communicating and applying public design.
Table 1.
Methods of each activity phase for residents and students when communicating and applying public design.
| Phase | Methods | Main Content | Application of Public Design | Student Participation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planning | Action planning events | Establishing activity plans | ○ | × |
| Briefing workshops | Establishing agendas and outlines | ○ | ○ | |
| Field workshops | Creating local communities (developing countries) | × | × | |
| Microplanning workshops | Planning development plans (developing countries) | × | × | |
| Discussion | Activity weeks | One week’s worth of theme-based activities to attract public attention | ○ | ○ |
| Art workshops | Developing creativity through art making | ○ | ○ | |
| Community planning forums | Public forums for interactions among interested parties | ○ | × | |
| Design games | Putting together puzzles to view the layout options | ○ | ○ | |
| Design workshops | Developing ideas | ○ | ○ | |
| Gaming | Understanding other people’s views through games | ○ | ○ | |
| Planning days | One-day activities to explore and discuss the neighborhood and surrounding city | ○ | ○ | |
| Practical for real | Anticipate the priorities of local planning | ○ | ○ | |
| Planning weekends | Intensive discussions conducted on weekends | ○ | ○ | |
| Prioritizing | Prioritizing what to do and when | ○ | ○ | |
| Process planning sessions | Carrying out actual action plans by inviting the public sector and investors | ○ | ○ | |
| Reconnaissance trips | A team comprising local parties and experts exploring the region | ○ | ○ | |
| Photo surveys | Discussing with environmental photos | ○ | ○ | |
| Risk assessments | Analyzing risk factors/vulnerability/capability of the plan | ○ | ○ | |
| Simulations | Reproducing actual events or activities in dramas or presentations | ○ | ○ | |
| Urban design studios | Education to derive designs in universities | ○ | × | |
| Publicizing planning process | Future search conferences | Meetings to share future visions | × | × |
| Interactive displays | People communicating and exchanging opinions through planned exhibits | ○ | ○ | |
| Open space workshops | Discussing topics with various people | ○ | × | |
| Road shows | Workshops, exhibitions, symposiums for making urban design plans | ○ | × | |
| Survey | Choice catalogues | Surveying people’s needs with a design choice list | ○ | ○ |
| Community profiling | Identifying the regional situation | ○ | ○ | |
| Table scheme displays | Displaying the content of the plan and gathering people’s opinions | ○ | ○ | |
| Visual expression | Diagrams | Materials showing the concepts and step-by-step information | ○ | ○ |
| Electronic maps | Digital materials used to explore the region | ○ | ○ | |
| Elevation montages | Materials showing the street façades by gathering building photos | ○ | ○ | |
| Mapping | Displaying key issues and the status on a map | ○ | ○ | |
| Models | Materials showing ideas in 3D models | ○ | ○ | |
| Participatory editing | Participating in report editing from planning to results | ○ | × | |
| Assessment | Award schemes | Selecting the best ideas and activities and awarding cash prizes | ○ | ○ |
| Ideas competitions | Evaluation that stimulates creative thoughts | ○ | ○ | |
| Review sessions | Assessment that monitors the overall process and increases initiative | ○ | ○ | |
| Publicizing planning results | Design fests | Exhibition/presentation of the planning team’s thoughts in front of people | ○ | ○ |
| Local design statements | Presenting guidelines for new regional development in a report | × | × | |
| Newspaper supplements | Publicity of planning details and design via newspaper | ○ | ○ | |
| Open house events | Delivering information, such as via exhibitions, to gauge public opinions/reactions | ○ | ○ | |
| Street stalls | Gauging people’s reactions by holding outdoor exhibitions | ○ | ○ | |
| Video soapboxes | Publicity by showing videos of planning in public spaces | ○ | ○ | |
| Creating and using spaces | Architecture centers | A space to provide information about the local architectural design | ○ | ○ |
| Community design centers | A space for community organizations | ○ | ○ | |
| Environment shops | Providing regional information and selling related materials | × | × | |
| Mobile units | Moving around and providing technologies or skills required for activities | × | × | |
| Neighborhood planning offices | A local base important for activities | × | × | |
| Creating and using organizations | Design assistance teams | Experts in related fields who provide new and original views | ○ | ○ |
| Development of trust | An organization to run the regional regeneration and development project | × | × | |
| Planning aid schemes | An organization of experts providing advice on the plan | ○ | ○ | |
| Task forces | Local governments and academic institutions gathered to find solutions | × | × | |
| User groups | Members that can participate in planning from the users’ perspective | ○ | ○ | |
| Budget | Feasibility funds | Funding required to investigate project feasibility | × | × |
Note: ○ represents that an item is possible, while × indicates that it is not possible.
Table 2.
Analyzing each activity phase from basic survey and setting to selecting Student Village Designers.
Table 2.
Analyzing each activity phase from basic survey and setting to selecting Student Village Designers.
| Category | Basic Survey and Setting | Selecting Student Village Designers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main content | First Student Village Design | Situation survey | Deriving key issues | Using the publicity base | - | Online recruitment notice | Selecting Student Village Designers |
| Second Student Village Design | - | Deriving key issues again | (Same as above) | Online communication | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | |
| Activity phase | Survey | Visual expression | Creating and using space | Publicity | Publicity | Planning | |
| Method | Community profiling | Mapping | Community design center | Interactive displays | Interactive displays | Briefing workshop | |
| Operating program | On-site survey and resident opinion poll | Mapping survey results | Operating the support center, installing resident opinion boxes | Operating a YouTube channel, QR code publicity | Using the website, SNS, and YouTube channel | Holding the launching ceremony | |
Table 3.
Analyzing each activity phase of workshops.
| Category | Workshops | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main content | First Student Village Design | Deriving regional agendas (topics) | Surveying and identifying regional problems | Deriving the cause of each problem as well as solutions | Design conception | - | |
| Second Student Village Design | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | Expert advice | ||
| Activity phase | Discussion | Survey | Discussion | Discussion | Discussion, Visual expression | Assessment | |
| Method | Art workshop | Choice catalogue | Simulations | Practical planning | Design workshop, Models | Review session | |
| Operating program | Detailed picture generation | Resident opinion poll (sticking stickers) | Persona-based Scenario Method | Impact–Effort Matrix | Modeling | Presentation and monitoring | |
Table 4.
Analyzing each activity phase from preparing and supplementing the action plan to project implementation.
Table 4.
Analyzing each activity phase from preparing and supplementing the action plan to project implementation.
| Category | Preparing and Supplementing the Action Plan | Project Implementation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main content | First Student Village Design | Presentations and critiques | Expert mentoring | Discussion with parties concerned | Construction | Outcome assessment | Performance sharing session |
| Second Student Village Design | - | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | |
| Activity phase | Creating and using organizations | Creating and using organizations | Publicity | Assessment | Publicity | ||
| Method | Design assistance team | User group | Street stalls | Award scheme | Newspaper supplement, | ||
| video soapbox | |||||||
| Operating program | Presentation and critique, expert mentoring | Briefing sessions, opinion polls, receiving consent, etc. | Hanging nameplates, inviting visits and participation (gift) | Presenting certificate and cash prize | Press release, videomaking, and release, etc. | ||
Table 5.
Results of the effect analysis according to community planning application methods.
| Process | Main Content | Community Planning Application Method | Resident Communication Method | Effect of Resident Communication | Performance-Based Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic survey and setting | Situation survey | Community profiling | Resident opinion poll | Direct effect | Related to selection of regional agendas |
| Deriving key issues | Mapping | (No) | Indirect effect | Related to decision of project site | |
| Publicity base | Community design center | Offline resident communication base | Indirect effect | Inadequate use | |
| Online publicity | Interactive display | Online communication and publicity platform | Direct effect | Related to collection of resident opinions | |
| Selecting Student Village Designers | Online recruitment notice | Interactive display | (No) | None | Used to recruit students from other universities |
| Selection | Briefing workshop | (No) | None | Related to selection of students actively participating in the project | |
| Workshop | Deriving regional agendas (topics) | Art workshop | (No) | Indirect effect | Deriving regional agendas (topics) and using them in creative activities |
| Surveying and identifying regional problems | Choice catalogue | Resident opinion poll | Direct effect | Related to deriving real-life problems and their causes | |
| Simulation | (No) | Indirect effect | Used to identify the causes of the problems and understanding residents | ||
| Causes and proposed solutions of the identified problems | Practical planning | (No) | Indirect effect | Related to deriving realistic solutions | |
| Design conception | Design workshop, Models | (No) | Communication needed | Related to specific project decisions | |
| Review session | (No) | Communication needed | Used to improve practicality | ||
| Preparing and supplementing the action plan | Critique and mentoring | Design assistance team | Resident representative gathering opinions | Indirect effect | Used to supplement the design |
| Discussion with parties concerned | User group | Briefing session, discussion, etc. | Direct effect | Related to deciding whether to implement or not | |
| Project implementation | After construction | Street stall | Offline publicity | Indirect effect | Used to spread positive awareness and recover trust |
| Outcome assessment | Award scheme | Resident representative participating in evaluation | Indirect effect | Used to promote competition when generating effective ideas | |
| Performance sharing event | Newspaper supplement, video soapbox | Online publicity | Indirect effect | Used in national publicity |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Kim, J.Y.; Kim, J.H. Urban Regeneration Involving Communication between University Students and Residents: A Case Study on the Student Village Design Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315834
AMA Style
Kim JY, Kim JH. Urban Regeneration Involving Communication between University Students and Residents: A Case Study on the Student Village Design Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315834
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Joo Young, and Jung Hoon Kim. 2022. "Urban Regeneration Involving Communication between University Students and Residents: A Case Study on the Student Village Design Project" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315834
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
