Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Associated Factors among Vulnerable Riverine in the Brazilian Amazon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Data Sources
2.4. Bias
2.5. Study Size
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SOCIAL | Non-Reagent | Reagent | Total | Binary Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Crude OR | 95% CI | p | |
Marital status | ||||||
Married/stable union/dating | 177 (77.6) | 51 (22.4) | 228 (70.2) | 0.95 | 0.53; 1.70 | 0.88 |
Single/separated/divorced/widow(er) | 76 (78.4) | 21 (21.6) | 97 (29.8) | Ref. | ||
Level of education | ||||||
Never attended school/Elementary | 142 (77.2) | 42 (22.8) | 184 (56.6) | 1.09 | 0.64; 1.85 | 0.73 |
High school/University | 111 (77.6) | 30 (22.4) | 141 (43.4) | Ref. | ||
Family income * | ||||||
Less than one minimum wage | 170 (76.6) | 52 (23.4) | 222 (70.7) | 1.45 | 0.77; 2.70 | 0.23 |
Equal to or greater than 1 minimum wage | 76 (82.6) | 16 (17.4) | 92 (29.3) | Ref. | ||
NI ** | 7 | 4 | 11 | |||
Skin color | ||||||
White | 19 (82.6) | 4 (17.4) | 23 (7.2) | |||
Black/Brown/yellow | 229 (77.4) | 67 (22.6) | 296 (92.8) | 1.38 | 0.45; 4.22 | 0.56 |
NI ** | 5 | 1 | 6 | |||
Number of people living in the house | ||||||
Equal to 3 or more | 182 (75.2) | 60 (24.8) | 242 (74.5) | 1.95 | 0.99; 3.84 | 0.05 |
1 to 2 | 71 (85.5) | 12 (14.5) | 83 (25.5) | Ref. | ||
Participate in social programs | ||||||
Yes | 161 (74.5) | 55 (25.5) | 216 (66.5) | 1.84 | 1.01; 3.37 | 0.04 |
No | 92 (84.4) | 17 (15.6) | 109 (33.5) | Ref. |
INDIVIDUAL | Non-Reagent | Reagent | Total | Binary Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Crude OR | n (%) | n (%) | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 111 (82.2) | 24 (17.8) | 135 (41.5) | 0.63 | 0.36; 1.10 | 0.11 |
Female | 142 (74.7) | 48 (25.3) | 190 (58.5) | Ref. | ||
Age group (years) | ||||||
18 to 27 | 59 (75.6) | 19 (24.4) | 78 (24.5) | 1.43 | 0.74; 2.78 | 0.28 |
28 to 37 | 66 (75) | 22 (25.0) | 88 (27.6) | 1.48 | 0.79; 2.80 | 0.21 |
Equal to or more 38 | 125 (81.7) | 28 (18.3) | 153 (47.9) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 3 | 3 | 6 | |||
Currently have a sexual partner | ||||||
No | 56 (80) | 14 (20) | 70 (21.5) | 0.84 | 0.44; 1.63 | 0.624 |
Yes | 197 (77.3) | 58 (22.7) | 255 (78.5) | Ref. | ||
History of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the last six months | ||||||
Yes | 230 (78) | 65 (22) | 295 (90.8) | 0.92 | 0.38; 2.26 | 0.87 |
No | 23 (76.7) | 7 (23.3) | 30 (9.2) | Ref. | ||
Sex with more than one partner in the last 6 months | ||||||
Yes | 41 (71.9) | 16 (28.1) | 57 (17.8) | 1.48 | 0.77; 2.83 | 0.23 |
No | 209 (79.2) | 55 (20.8) | 264 (82.2) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||
Condom use during recent sexual intercourse | ||||||
No | 177 (80.8) | 42 (19.2) | 219 (68.7) | 0.58 | 0.33; 1.00 | 0.05 |
Yes | 71 (71) | 29 (29) | 100 (31.3) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 5 | 1 | 6 | |||
Condom broken during sexual intercourse | ||||||
Yes | 56 (67.5) | 27 (32.5) | 83 (26.3) | 2.0 | 1.14; 3.51 | 0.01 |
No | 187 (80.6) | 45 (19.4) | 232 (73.7) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 10 | 0 | 10 | |||
Use of alcohol and/or other drugs before sexual intercourse | ||||||
Yes | 87 (76.3) | 27 (23.7) | 114 (35.7) | 1.1 | 0.64; 1.90 | 0.72 |
No | 160 (78) | 45 (22) | 205 (64.3) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 6 | 0 | 6 | |||
Knows the HIV serology of the sexual partners | ||||||
No | 185 (78.7) | 50 (21.3) | 235 (72.3) | 0.83 | 0.47; 1.48 | 0.53 |
Yes | 68 (75.6) | 22 (24.4) | 90 (27.7) | Ref. |
PROGRAMMATIC | Non-Reagent | Reagent | Total | Binary Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Crude OR | n (%) | n (%) | |
Performed rapid test for Sexually Transmitted Infections—ever in life | ||||||
No | 119 (81.5) | 27 (18.5) | 146 (46.9) | 0.66 | 0.38; 1.14 | 0.14 |
Yes | 123 (74.5) | 42 (25.5) | 165 (53.1) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 11 | 3 | 14 | |||
Performed rapid test for HIV—In the last 12 months | ||||||
No | 182 (80.5) | 44 (19.5) | 226 (72.9) | 0.60 | 0.33; 1.07 | 0.08 |
Yes | 60 (71.4) | 24 (28.6) | 84 (27.1) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 11 | 4 | 15 | |||
Performed rapid test for syphilis | ||||||
No | 130 (82.8) | 27 (17.2) | 157 (50.3) | 0.55 | 0.32; 0.96 | 0.03 |
Yes | 113 (72.9) | 42 (27.1) | 155 (49.7) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 10 | 3 | 13 | |||
Free access to condoms in the last 12 months | ||||||
No | 157 (82.2) | 34 (17.8) | 191 (59.9) | 0.51 | 0.30; 0.87 | 0.01 |
Yes | 90 (70.3) | 38 (29.7) | 128 (40.1) | Ref. | ||
NI * | 6 | 0 | 6 | |||
Free access to female condom in the last 12 months | ||||||
No | 226 (78.2) | 63 (21.8) | 289 (88.9) | 0.83 | 0.37; 1.86 | 0.66 |
Yes | 27 (75.0) | 9 (25.0) | 36 (11.1) | Ref. | ||
Know Post-Exposure Prophylaxis | ||||||
I just heard | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | 18 (5.5) | 2.0 | 0.31; 12.5 | 0.45 |
No | 233 (78.5) | 64 (21.5) | 297 (91.4) | 1.09 | 0.22; 5.30 | 0.90 |
Yes | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 10 (3.1) | Ref. |
Factos | OR Adjusted | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of people living in the house (Ref.: 1 to 2) | |||
Equal to 3 or more | 1.49 | (0.72; 3.10) | 0.27 |
Participate in social programs (Ref.: No) | |||
Yes | 1.44 | (0.73; 2.83) | 0.28 |
Sex (Ref.: Female) | |||
Male | 0.58 | (0.30; 1.11) | 0.10 |
Condom use during recent sexual intercourse (Ref.: Yes) | |||
No | 0.75 | (0.39; 1.42) | 0.38 |
Condom broken during sexual intercourse (Ref.: No) | |||
Yes | 1.90 | (1.01; 3.57) | 0.04 |
Performed rapid test for Sexually Transmitted Infections—ever in life (Ref.: Yes) | |||
No | 1.02 | (0.46; 2.24) | 0.94 |
Performed rapid test for HIV—In the last 12 months (Ref.: Yes) | |||
No | 1.05 | (0.48; 2.28) | 0.89 |
Performed rapid test for HIV (Ref.: Yes) | |||
No | 0.78 | (0.37; 1.64) | 0.51 |
Free access to condoms in the last 12 months (Ref.: Yes) | |||
No | 0.62 | (0.33; 1.14) | 0.12 |
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Galvão, J.J.d.S.; Cunha, C.L.F.; Pinho, E.C.C.; Paiva, D.d.J.d.S.; de Castro, N.J.C.; Nascimento, V.G.C.; de Azevedo Junior, W.S.; da Silva, R.A.R.; Feitosa, R.N.M.; Vallinoto, A.C.R.; et al. Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Associated Factors among Vulnerable Riverine in the Brazilian Amazon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315969
Galvão JJdS, Cunha CLF, Pinho ECC, Paiva DdJdS, de Castro NJC, Nascimento VGC, de Azevedo Junior WS, da Silva RAR, Feitosa RNM, Vallinoto ACR, et al. Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Associated Factors among Vulnerable Riverine in the Brazilian Amazon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315969
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalvão, José Jorge da Silva, Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Cunha, Ellen Christiane Correa Pinho, David de Jesus da Silva Paiva, Nádile Juliane Costa de Castro, Valéria Gabriele Caldas Nascimento, Wanderson Santiago de Azevedo Junior, Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva, Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto, and et al. 2022. "Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Associated Factors among Vulnerable Riverine in the Brazilian Amazon" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315969