The Associations of Communal Space with Sense of Place and Mental Health in Public Housing: Evidence from Guangzhou and Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses
The environment has in fact no direct effect on human beings: rather it is filtered through their psychological and physiological information-processing systems.(p. 186)
3. Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Mental Health
3.2.2. Sense of Place
3.2.3. Communal Space
3.2.4. Control Variables
3.3. Statistical Modelling
4. Results
4.1. Respondent Profile
4.2. Comparison of Younger Residents in HK and Guangzhou
4.3. Comparison between the Older Residents and the Younger Residents in HK
5. Discussion
My home is too small to stay in and I usually meet friends at the parks nearby. This makes me feel attached to the community.(Female respondent, 34, HK, 2019)
I usually stay in the public space of the community, because I don’t want to face my daughter-in-law, who is always arguing with me about child-raising. So I usually go out on weekends when they she is at home to keep a stable mood.(Female respondent, 65, HK, 2019)
I just jump rope in the communal space after work… but not often… since the space is always taken up by other residents, such as the older women who like dancing in the evening.(Female respondent, 37, Guangzhou, 2022)
I usually take my child to play at the playground on the weekend… but it is very crowded, so I just watch him playing and don’t do anything else.(Female respondent, 32, Guangzhou, 2022)
I sometimes walk along the community roads after dinner, but there is too much dog poo along the road… and the street light is too dim.(Male respondent, 43, Guangzhou, 2022)
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Guangzhou (N = 427) | Hong Kong (N = 459) | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
Young (18–29) | 32.8 | 12.9 |
Middle (30–64) | 66.0 | 25.7 |
Old (≥65) | 1.2 | 61.4 |
Gender | ||
Male | 50.1 | 43.4 |
Female | 49.9 | 56.6 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 34.7 | 17.0 |
Married | 63.2 | 57.1 |
Divorced/widowed | 2.1 | 25.9 |
Educational attainment | ||
Junior secondary school and below | 1.2 | 47.3 |
Senior secondary school | 13.1 | 18.1 |
Junior college | 40.0 | 15.9 |
University and above | 45.7 | 18.7 |
Occupation status | ||
Employed | 73.1 | 20.5 |
Unemployed | 26.9 | 79.5 |
Household income | ||
<4000 HK$ | 18.0 | 39.2 |
4000–10,000 HK$ | 51.8 | 14.4 |
>10,000 HK$ | 30.2 | 46.4 |
Home–ownership | ||
Yes | 20.4 | 29.2 |
No | 79.6 | 70.8 |
Duration of residence | 4.93 | 19.96 |
Variables | Sample | M | SD | t-Test (df) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality of communal space | GZ | 4.22 | 0.66 | t (290) = 3.093 | 0.002 ** |
HK | 4.02 | 0.77 | |||
Sociopetal features | GZ | 4.36 | 0.88 | t (597) = 5.313 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 3.93 | 0.92 | |||
Accessibility | GZ | 4.48 | 1.00 | t (378) = 1.411 | 0.159 |
HK | 4.37 | 0.87 | |||
Greenness & Openness | GZ | 3.62 | 1.21 | t (597) = 0.096 | 0.924 |
HK | 3.61 | 1.05 | |||
Sense of place | GZ | 4.45 | 0.69 | t (302) = 7.569 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 3.94 | 0.76 | |||
Place attachment | GZ | 4.50 | 0.77 | t (597) = 7.189 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 4.00 | 0.79 | |||
Place identity | GZ | 4.37 | 0.74 | t (597) = 7.943 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 3.83 | 0.78 | |||
Place dependence | GZ | 4.48 | 0.79 | t (281) = 5.791 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 4.00 | 0.96 | |||
Mental well-being | GZ | 4.49 | 0.67 | t (287) = 9.873 | 0.000 *** |
HK | 3.82 | 0.79 |
Model Fix | χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ideal threshold | <3 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | <0.05 | |
Acceptable threshold | <5 | >0.8 | >0.8 | >0.8 | >0.8 | <0.08 | |
Model 1 | GZ | 2.608 | 0.899 | 0.861 | 0.850 | 0.881 | 0.062 |
HK | 1.625 | 0.862 | 0.807 | 0.901 | 0.923 | 0.060 | |
Model 2 | GZ | 2.906 | 0.939 | 0.888 | 0.831 | 0.896 | 0.067 |
HK | 1.786 | 0.918 | 0.849 | 0.862 | 0.915 | 0.067 | |
Model 3 | GZ | 2.372 | 0.951 | 0.911 | 0.866 | 0.917 | 0.057 |
HK | 1.417 | 0.934 | 0.878 | 0.923 | 0.953 | 0.049 | |
Model 4 | GZ | 2.033 | 0.958 | 0.923 | 0.913 | 0.946 | 0.05 |
HK | 1.612 | 0.924 | 0.861 | 0.918 | 0.949 | 0.059 |
Variables | Sample | M | SD | t-Test (df) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality of communal space | The older group | 4.83 | 0.81 | t (457) = 10.638 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 4.02 | 0.77 | |||
Sociopetal features | The older group | 4.72 | 0.98 | t (457) = 8.539 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 3.93 | 0.92 | |||
Accessibility | The older group | 5.11 | 0.88 | t (457) = 8.879 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 4.37 | 0.87 | |||
Greenness & Openness | The older group | 4.57 | 1.11 | t (457) = 9.158 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 3.61 | 1.05 | |||
Sense of place | The older group | 4.84 | 0.81 | t (457) = 11.800 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 3.94 | 0.76 | |||
Place attachment | The older group | 4.86 | 0.80 | t (457) = 11.377 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 4.00 | 0.79 | |||
Place identity | The older group | 4.67 | 0.95 | t (425) = 10.371 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 3.83 | 0.78 | |||
Place dependence | The older group | 4.97 | 0.90 | t (457) = 10.947 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 4.00 | 0.96 | |||
Mental well-being | The older group | 4.65 | 0.82 | t (457) = 10.617 | 0.000 *** |
The younger group | 3.82 | 0.79 |
Model Fix | χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ideal threshold | <3 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | <0.05 | |
Acceptable threshold | <5 | >0.8 | >0.8 | >0.8 | >0.8 | <0.08 | |
Model 5 | The older group | 2.811 | 0.859 | 0.808 | 0.834 | 0.867 | 0.080 |
The younger group | 1.714 | 0.857 | 0.802 | 0.883 | 0.908 | 0.064 | |
Model 6 | The older group | 2.278 | 0.936 | 0.884 | 0.867 | 0.916 | 0.067 |
The younger group | 1.816 | 0.919 | 0.855 | 0.828 | 0.890 | 0.068 | |
Model 7 | The older group | 2.130 | 0.942 | 0.896 | 0.863 | 0.913 | 0.063 |
The younger group | 1.450 | 0.934 | 0.881 | 0.899 | 0.935 | 0.051 | |
Model 8 | The older group | 2.038 | 0.938 | 0.889 | 0.911 | 0.943 | 0.061 |
The younger group | 1.593 | 0.927 | 0.870 | 0.912 | 0.944 | 0.058 |
Element | HK Photo | GZ Photo | Comparison |
---|---|---|---|
Square | (1) More dedicated design of physical elements showed in HK’s cases (2) Better maintenance has been observed in HK’s cases (3) Better connectivity of common open space has been observed in HK’s cases. | ||
Playground | |||
Chatting space | |||
Waking /jogging path | |||
Connectivity |
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Zhang, T.; Liu, J.; Chen, H.; Ng, M.K. The Associations of Communal Space with Sense of Place and Mental Health in Public Housing: Evidence from Guangzhou and Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316178
Zhang T, Liu J, Chen H, Ng MK. The Associations of Communal Space with Sense of Place and Mental Health in Public Housing: Evidence from Guangzhou and Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316178
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tianyao, Jiahui Liu, Huiwei Chen, and Mee Kam Ng. 2022. "The Associations of Communal Space with Sense of Place and Mental Health in Public Housing: Evidence from Guangzhou and Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316178