Potential Risk, Spatial Distribution, and Soil Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements in Lycium barbarum L. (Wolfberry) Fruits and Soil System in Ningxia, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Methodology
2.2. Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Bioconcentration Factor
2.4. Multiple Linear Regression
2.5. Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI)
2.6. Enrichment Factor (EF)
2.7. Human Health Risk Assessment of PTEs
2.8. Spatial Distribution of PTEs
2.9. Source Identification
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. PTEs in Soil and Wolfberries
3.2. Potential Ecological Risk in Soil
3.3. Potential Health Risk in Wolfberries
3.4. Spatial Distribution of PTEs in Soil and Wolfberries
3.5. PMF Source Identification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Hg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detection rate (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94.6 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mean ± SD (mg·kg−1) | 41.0 ± 9.42 | 5.27 ± 1.61 | 42.5 ± 6.21 | 8.36 ± 1.59 | 0.0260 ± 0.0240 | 23.0 ± 9.00 | 52.9 ± 20.5 | 0.0690 ± 0.0360 |
Min (mg·kg−1) | 21.0 | 3.00 | 30.0 | 4.73 | 0 | 14.0 | 28.0 | 0.0108 |
Max (mg·kg−1) | 60.0 | 10.0 | 55.0 | 11.2 | 0.130 | 53.0 | 114 | 0.241 |
Coefficient of variation (%) | 23.0 | 30.6 | 14.6 | 19.1 | 92.7 | 39.1 | 38.7 | 52.0 |
a Background value (mg·kg−1) | 36.6 | 22.1 | 58.8 | 11.9 | 0.112 | 20.6 | 60.0 | 0.0200 |
a Limited standard value (mg·kg−1) | 190 | 200 | 300 | 20.0 | 0.800 | 240 | 350 | 1.00 |
Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Hg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (mg·kg−1) | 0.880 ± 0.440 | 8.70 ± 2.70 | 19.6 ± 6.41 | 0.200 ± 0.230 | 0.100 ± 0.0700 | 0.350 ± 0.270 | 2.62 ± 1.20 | e u |
Max (mg·kg−1) | 2.52 | 14.5 | 35.4 | 0.810 | 0.350 | 0.960 | 5.32 | u |
Min (mg·kg−1) | 0.210 | 2.29 | 11.0 | 0 | 0.0300 | 0 | 0.170 | u |
Detection rate (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 59.5 | 100 | 92.0 | 100 | u |
a Limited standard A (mg·kg−1) | f - | 20.0 | - | 2.00 | 0.300 | 5.00 | - | 0.20 |
b Limited standard B (mg·kg−1) | - | - | - | - | 0.300 | 10.0 | - | - |
c Limited standard C (mg·kg−1) | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | 5.00 | - | 0.100 |
d Limited standard D (mg·kg−1) | - | - | - | 4.00 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - | 3.00 |
Bioconcentration factor | 0.0230 | 1.76 | 0.475 | 0.0260 | 5.82 | 0.0170 | 0.0560 | u |
a Regression Equation | F | P | r | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | −0.271 + 0.028 OM + 0.072 CAs | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.048 | 0.405 |
Cu | −13.978 + 1.496 CEC + 0.545 CCu + 0.15 OM + 0.486 CAs | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.629 |
Zn | −17.283 + 3.505 CEC + 0.349 OM | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.028 | 0.436 |
As | 0.041 + 0.012 OM +0.007 CNi − 0.009 CZn | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.053 | 0.453 |
Cd | −0.413 + 0.066 pH | entry 0.2 removal 0.25 | 0.186 | 0.222 |
Pb | −3.393 + 0.556 pH − 0.012 CNi − 1.869 CHg | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.598 |
Cr | 1.879 + 10.664 CHg | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.053 | 0.320 |
Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Hg | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential ecological risk | 5.33 | 1.19 | 0.722 | 7.02 | 7.02 | 5.58 | 1.76 | a 139 | b 167 |
Enrichment factor | 2.04 | 0.436 | 1.32 | 1.28 | 0.428 | 2.04 | 1.61 | 6.33 | - |
a Regression Equation | F | P | r | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | −0.271 + 0.028 OM + 0.072 CAs | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.048 | 0.405 |
Cu | −13.978 + 1.496 CEC + 0.545 CCu + 0.15 OM + 0.486 CAs | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.629 |
Zn | −17.283 + 3.505 CEC + 0.349 OM | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.028 | 0.436 |
As | 0.041 + 0.012 OM +0.007 CNi − 0.009 CZn | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.053 | 0.453 |
Cd | −0.413 + 0.066 pH | entry 0.2 removal 0.25 | 0.186 | 0.222 |
Pb | −3.393 + 0.556 pH − 0.012 CNi − 1.869 CHg | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.598 |
Cr | 1.879 + 10.664 CHg | entry 0.15 removal 0.2 | 0.053 | 0.320 |
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Zhou, T.; Wang, Y.; Qin, J.; Zhao, S.; Cao, D.; Zhu, M.; Jiang, Y. Potential Risk, Spatial Distribution, and Soil Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements in Lycium barbarum L. (Wolfberry) Fruits and Soil System in Ningxia, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316186
Zhou T, Wang Y, Qin J, Zhao S, Cao D, Zhu M, Jiang Y. Potential Risk, Spatial Distribution, and Soil Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements in Lycium barbarum L. (Wolfberry) Fruits and Soil System in Ningxia, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316186
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Tongning, Yan Wang, Jiaqi Qin, Siyuan Zhao, Deyan Cao, Meilin Zhu, and Yanxue Jiang. 2022. "Potential Risk, Spatial Distribution, and Soil Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements in Lycium barbarum L. (Wolfberry) Fruits and Soil System in Ningxia, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316186