The Relationship between Perceptions and Objective Measures of Greenness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Subjective Greenness Measures
2.3. Objective Greenness Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Objective Measures of Greenness
3.3. Perceptions of Greenness
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
3.5. Associations of Perceived Greenness and Measures of Objective Greenness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Perceptions of Greenness Survey
Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Agree | Strongly Agree | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Formal gardens nearby (e.g., botanical gardens) | ||||
Children’s playground nearby | ||||
Local park or nature reserve close to where I live | ||||
Sports fields nearby (e.g., football/baseball field) | ||||
School grounds with grassed areas nearby | ||||
Views of nature from my home | ||||
Tree cover or canopy along walking routes | ||||
Many large trees in my local area | ||||
Many roadside plantings of trees and shrubs | ||||
Many street trees in my local area | ||||
Walking or bicycle paths or trails nearby | ||||
Pleasant natural features (reserves, beach, lake) | ||||
Pockets of natural plants or native vegetation | ||||
Lots of green median strips | ||||
Lot of vegetation in nearby gardens |
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Total | Low NDVI (0.00 to 0.36) | Medium NDVI (0.37 to 0.40) | High NDVI (>0.40 to 0.47) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study Population | 175 | 59 | 58 | 58 | |
Male | 71 (40.6) | 29 (49.2) | 19 (32.8) | 23 (39.7) | 0.193 |
Race | 0.510 | ||||
White | 142 (81.1) | 50 (84.8) | 44 (75.9) | 48 (82.8) | |
Black | 24 (13.7) | 5 (8.5) | 11 (19.0) | 8 (13.8) | |
Other | 9 (5.1) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (3.5) | |
Hispanic | 7 (4.0) | 4 (6.9) | 2 (3.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.353 |
Income | 0.003 | ||||
less than $20,000 | 30 (17.1) | 12 (20.3) | 10 (17.2) | 8 (13.8) | |
$20,000–$64,999 | 89 (50.9) | 32 (54.2) | 37 (63.8) | 20 (34.5) | |
$65,000–$124,999 | 49 (28.0) | 13 (22.0) | 9 (15.5) | 27 (46.6) | |
Above $125,000 | 3 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.5) | |
Missing | 4 (2.3) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (3.5) | 1 (1.7) | |
Education | 0.097 | ||||
≤High School Graduate | 46 (26.3) | 15 (25.4) | 19 (32.8) | 12 (20.7) | |
2–4-year degree | 98 (56.0) | 37 (62.7) | 31 (53.5) | 30 (51.7) | |
Master’s or Doctorate | 30 (17.7) | 7 (11.9) | 7 (12.1) | 16 (27.6) | |
Missing | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Mother’s Education | 0.250 | ||||
≤High School Graduate | 112 (64.0) | 40 (67.8) | 40 (69.0) | 32 (55.2) | |
2–4-year degree | 44 (25.1) | 11 (18.6) | 12 (20.7) | 21 (36.2) | |
Master’s or Doctorate | 10 (5.7) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (5.2) | 3 (5.2) | |
Missing | 9 (5.1) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (3.5) | |
Diabetes | 45 (25.7) | 19 (32.2) | 15 (25.9) | 11 (19.0) | 0.261 |
Ever Smoked at least 100 Cigarettes | 91 (52.0) | 33 (55.9) | 33 (56.9) | 25 (43.1) | 0.196 |
Age (Years) | 50.84 (12.24) | 51.04 (12.51) | 51.69 (11.80) | 49.78 (12.52) | 0.698 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 29.49 (6.01) | 30.68 (5.89) | 29.41 (5.78) | 28.36 (6.25) | 0.112 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 118.22 (16.89) | 119.93 (15.10) | 120.02 (19.83) | 114.59 (14.93) | 0.146 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 79.33 (12.08) | 80.60 (9.99) | 79.95 (14.75) | 77.36 (10.90) | 0.320 |
Weight (Pounds) | 187.31 (40.36) | 197.47 (40.43) | 185.64 (39.91) | 178.65 (39.11) | 0.038 |
Waist Circumference (Inches) | 40.14 (6.09) | 41.58 (6.14) | 40.22 (5.65) | 38.54 (6.18) | 0.027 |
Hip Circumference (Inches) | 43.54 (5.36) | 44.21 (5.16) | 43.76 (5.22) | 42.61 (5.68) | 0.261 |
Percentage Body Fat (%) | 34.12 (10.64) | 34.72 (9.86) | 34.78 (10.85) | 32.87 (11.25) | 0.560 |
Variable | NDVI 300 m | LAI 300 m | TC 300 m |
---|---|---|---|
Item 1 | 0.038 | 0.012 | 0.007 |
Item 2 | 0.140 | 0.220 * | 0.174 * |
Item 3 | 0.201 * | 0.177 * | 0.144 |
Item 4 | 0.129 | 0.071 | 0.072 |
Item 5 | 0.179 * | 0.150 * | 0.103 |
Item 6 | 0.258 * | 0.230 * | 0.210 * |
Item 7 | 0.151 * | 0.242 * | 0.176 * |
Item 8 | 0.164 * | 0.258 * | 0.194 |
Item 9 | 0.154 * | 0.246 * | 0.188 * |
Item 10 | 0.166 * | 0.251 * | 0.196 * |
Item 11 | 0.235 * | 0.300 * | 0.250 * |
Item 12 | 0.201 * | 0.194 * | 0.134 |
Item 13 | 0.095 | 0.078 | 0.039 |
Item 14 | 0.093 | 0.151 * | 0.104 |
Item 15 | 0.119 | 0.157 * | 0.100 |
Item 16 | 0.167 * | 0.247 * | 0.176 * |
Item 17 | −0.086 | −0.110 | −0.070 |
PC1 Natural Vegetation and Spaces | PC2 Trees | PC3 Playgrounds, Parks, and Sports Fields | |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 7.26 | 1.76 | 1.32 |
% Variance | 42.71 | 10.34 | 7.77 |
Variables | |||
Formal gardens nearby (Item 1) | 0.797 | ||
Children’s playground (Item 2) | 0.267 | 0.777 | |
Local parks (Item 3) | 0.236 | 0.788 | |
Sports field (Item 4) | 0.779 | ||
School ground/grasses (Item 5) | 0.337 | 0.557 | |
Views of nature (Item 6) | 0.515 | 0.355 | 0.298 |
Tree cover or canopy (Item 7) | 0.247 | 0.749 | 0.220 |
Many large trees (Item 8) | 0.768 | 0.269 | |
Roadside trees/scrubs (Item 9) | 0.492 | 0.651 | |
Many street trees (Item 10) | 0.304 | 0.724 | |
Walking bike paths/trails (Item 11) | 0.411 | 0.326 | 0.461 |
Natural features (Item 12) | 0.806 | ||
Native vegetation (Item 13) | 0.712 | 0.227 | 0.337 |
Green median strips (Item 14) | 0.658 | 0.398 | |
Lots of vegetation/gardens (Item 15) | 0.769 | ||
Lots of greenery (Item 16) | 0.609 | 0.555 | |
Little or no lawn in yards (Item 17) | −0.498 |
Outcome | Exposure | Adjusted β | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC 1 | NDVI | 0.161 | −0.008, 0.330 | 0.062 | 0.111 |
PC 2 | NDVI | 0.088 | −0.085, 0.262 | 0.316 | 0.355 |
PC 3 | NDVI | 0.265 | 0.092, 0.438 | 0.003 | 0.026 |
PC 1 | Tree Canopy | 0.194 | −0.027, 0.415 | 0.084 | 0.122 |
PC 2 | Tree Canopy | 0.300 | 0.078, 0.523 | 0.009 | 0.026 |
PC 3 | Tree Canopy | 0.296 | 0.068, 0.524 | 0.011 | 0.026 |
PC 1 | Leaf Area Index | 0.085 | −0.116, 0.286 | 0.404 | 0.404 |
PC 2 | Leaf Area Index | 0.173 | −0.030, 0.376 | 0.095 | 0.122 |
PC 3 | Leaf Area Index | 0.280 | 0.075, 0.485 | 0.008 | 0.026 |
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Hart, J.L.; Yeager, R.A.; Riggs, D.W.; Fleischer, D.; Owolabi, U.; Walker, K.L.; Bhatnagar, A.; Keith, R.J. The Relationship between Perceptions and Objective Measures of Greenness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316317
Hart JL, Yeager RA, Riggs DW, Fleischer D, Owolabi U, Walker KL, Bhatnagar A, Keith RJ. The Relationship between Perceptions and Objective Measures of Greenness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316317
Chicago/Turabian StyleHart, Joy L., Ray A. Yeager, Daniel W. Riggs, Daniel Fleischer, Ugochukwu Owolabi, Kandi L. Walker, Aruni Bhatnagar, and Rachel J. Keith. 2022. "The Relationship between Perceptions and Objective Measures of Greenness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316317