Evaluation of Biodegradation of BTEX in the Subsurface of a Petrochemical Site near the Yangtze River, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Sampling
2.2. Analyses of Physiochemical Properties of the Collected Samples
2.3. Analyses of Microbial Communities of the Collected Samples
2.4. Microcosm Setup and Analyses
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Soil and Groundwater Samples Collected from the Site
3.1.1. Physicochemical Properties of the Samples
3.1.2. Bacterial Community Structures of the Samples
3.1.3. Functional Prediction for the Bacterial Communities
3.2. Degradation of BTEX by the Soil Microorganisms
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S1 | S2 | |
---|---|---|
pH | 6.4 | 6.0 |
Conductivity (μs/cm) | 2790 | 1210 |
Total nitrogen (mg/kg) | 13 | 7 |
Total phosphate (mg/kg) | 17 | 9 |
C6–C9 a (mg/kg) | 11.57 | 1049.45 |
C10–C40 a (mg/kg) | 9.73 | 87.57 |
VOC b (mg/kg) | 0.083 | 138.07 |
Benzene (mg/kg) | 0.005 | 17.47 |
Toluene (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 1.06 |
Ethylbenzene (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 22.41 |
o-Xylene (mg/kg) | <0.001 | 0.12 |
m/p-Xylene (μg/kg) | 0.002 | 10.99 |
Parameter | GW1 | GW2 |
---|---|---|
pH | 7.3 | 7.2 |
Conductivity (μs/cm) | 749 | 788 |
ORP (mV) | −75.7 | −93.6 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.9 | 0.5 |
NO2− (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
S2− (mg/L) | 0.09 | 0.46 |
Fe (mg/L) | <0.1 | 0.1 |
Mn (mg/L) | 2.1 | 6.7 |
COD (mg/L) | 2.5 | 12.2 |
VOC (μg/L) | 6.85 | 1355.27 |
Benzene (μg/L) | <1.00 | 644.03 |
Toluene (μg/L) | <1.00 | 16.70 |
Ethylbenzene (μg/L) | <1.00 | 207.79 |
o-Xylene (μg/L) | <1.00 | 20.43 |
m/p-Xylene (μg/L) | <1.00 | 161.03 |
Matrix | Sample | Depth (m) | No. of Sequences | Richness c | Shannon_e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil | S1 | 4.0 a | 33,155 | 1387 | 4.41 |
Soil | S2 | 4.0 a | 49,236 | 843 | 2.23 |
Groundwater | GW1 | 3.4 b | 83,438 | 1623 | 4.19 |
Groundwater | GW2 | 2.9 b | 76,320 | 1316 | 3.96 |
Compound | Electron Acceptor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaNO3 | MnO2 | Fe2O3 | Na2SO4 | NaHCO3 | |
Benzene | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Toluene | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Ethylbenzene | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
o-Xylene | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
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Chen, X.; Zhang, S.; Yi, L.; Liu, Z.; Ye, X.; Yu, B.; Shi, S.; Lu, X. Evaluation of Biodegradation of BTEX in the Subsurface of a Petrochemical Site near the Yangtze River, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416449
Chen X, Zhang S, Yi L, Liu Z, Ye X, Yu B, Shi S, Lu X. Evaluation of Biodegradation of BTEX in the Subsurface of a Petrochemical Site near the Yangtze River, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416449
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xuexia, Shuai Zhang, Lijin Yi, Zhengwei Liu, Xiangyu Ye, Bo Yu, Shuai Shi, and Xiaoxia Lu. 2022. "Evaluation of Biodegradation of BTEX in the Subsurface of a Petrochemical Site near the Yangtze River, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416449