The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS): A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis in Italian Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Participants and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS)—Italian Version
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
2.3.2. Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis
2.3.3. Reliability Analysis
3. Results
Bifactor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
GEN | LOSD | SP | SA | |
GRAT-RS Item | λ | λ | λ | λ |
2. Life has been good to me. | 0.470 | 0.499 | ||
3. There never seems to be enough to go around and I never seem to get my share. | 0.573 | 0.495 | ||
6. I really don’t think that I’ve gotten all the good things that I deserve in life. | 0.603 | 0.387 | ||
10. More bad things have happened to me in my life than I deserve. | 0.489 | 0.497 | ||
11. Because of what I’ve gone through in my life, I really feel like the world owes me something. | 0.683 | 0.453 | ||
15. For some reason I don’t seem to get the advantages that others get. | 0.428 | 0.510 | ||
4. Oftentimes I have been overwhelmed at the beauty of nature. | 0.396 | 0.528 | ||
7. Every Fall I really enjoy watching the leaves change colors. | 0.346 | 0.507 | ||
9. I think that it’s important to “Stop and smell the roses”. | 0.405 | 0.390 | ||
12. I think that it’s important to pause often to “count my blessings”. | 0.379 | 0.405 | ||
13. I think it’s important to enjoy the simple things in life. | 0.373 | 0.619 | ||
16. I think it’s important to appreciate each day that you are alive. | 0.339 | 0.590 | ||
1. I couldn’t have gotten where I am today without the help of many people. | 0.341 | 0.562 | ||
5. Although I think it’s important to feel good about your accomplishments, I think that it’s also important to remember how others have contributed to my accomplishments. | 0.337 | 0.611 | ||
8. Although I’m basically in control of my life, I can’t help but think about all those who have supported me and helped me along the way. | 0.363 | 0.682 | ||
14. I feel deeply appreciative for the things others have done for me in my life. | 0.339 | 0.718 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | n (%) |
---|---|
Male | 279 (52) |
Female | 258 (48) |
M (SD) | |
Age | 45.1 (10.8) |
GRAT-RS | M (SD) |
GEN | 154.2 (18.8) |
LOSD | 63.0 (11.1) |
SP | 53.3 (8.2) |
SA | 37.9 (5.9) |
Models | χ2(df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bifactor | 161.573 (88) | 0.980 | 0.973 | 0.039 [0.30–0.49] |
Correlational | 302.369 (101) | 0.945 | 0.935 | 0.061 [0.053–0.069] |
Higher order | 302.396 (101) | 0.945 | 0.935 | 0.061 [0.053–0.069] |
Unidimensional | 741.719 (104) | 0.827 | 0.801 | 0.107 [0.100–0.114] |
GRAT-RS Item | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 2 | 1.10 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.98 | −0.39 | 2.33 | 4.40 | 0.008 |
Item 3 | 1.49 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.85 | −0.76 | 2.27 | 4.70 | 0.013 |
Item 6 | 1.47 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.73 | −0.42 | 2.71 | 4.91 | 0.000 |
Item 10 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −2.20 | −0.78 | 2.50 | 4.88 | 0.015 |
Item 11 | 2.03 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −2.10 | −0.54 | 2.49 | 5.68 | 0.026 |
Item 15 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −2.00 | −1.09 | 2.16 | 4.70 | 0.030 |
Item 4 | 0.68 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 0.00 | −3.37 | −0.96 | 2.95 | 4.58 | 0.035 |
Item 7 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | −2.48 | −0.64 | 3.37 | 4.62 | 0.033 |
Item 9 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.00 | −2.78 | −1.12 | 2.62 | 4.60 | 0.000 |
Item 12 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 0.00 | −2.14 | −1.27 | 2.41 | 4.14 | 0.034 |
Item 13 | 0.92 | 0.00 | 1.53 | 0.00 | −3.25 | −0.74 | 3.47 | 5.07 | 0.026 |
Item 16 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 1.37 | 0.00 | −1.69 | −0.40 | 2.94 | 5.23 | 0.023 |
Item 1 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.27 | −2.39 | −0.04 | 2.07 | 3.92 | 0.000 |
Item 5 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.45 | −2.17 | −0.02 | 1.60 | 3.82 | 0.000 |
Item 8 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.83 | −2.15 | −0.15 | 1.93 | 4.32 | 0.005 |
Item 14 | 0.95 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.01 | −3.03 | −0.48 | 1.51 | 4.22 | 0.000 |
Reliability | GEN | LOSD | SP | SA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s Alpha (a) | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.87 |
Omega (ω) | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.87 |
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Svicher, A.; Palazzeschi, L.; Gori, A.; Di Fabio, A. The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS): A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis in Italian Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416786
Svicher A, Palazzeschi L, Gori A, Di Fabio A. The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS): A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis in Italian Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416786
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvicher, Andrea, Letizia Palazzeschi, Alessio Gori, and Annamaria Di Fabio. 2022. "The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS): A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis in Italian Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416786