Accuracy of Vegetation Indices in Assessing Different Grades of Grassland Desertification from UAV
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. UAV Visible Light Image Acquisition
2.3. Supervised Classification and Desertification Grades
2.4. Vegetation Index Assessment of Desertification
2.5. Accuracy Verification and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. UAV Visible Light Image Surveillance Classification
3.2. Visible Light Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment
3.2.1. Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment of the Severe Desertification Grade
3.2.2. Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment of the High Desertification Grade
3.2.3. Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment of the Moderate Desertification Grade
3.2.4. Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment of the Slight Desertification Grade
3.2.5. Vegetation Index Accuracy Assessment of the Non-Desertification Grade
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Desertification Grades | FVC | Desertification Area in the Image | UAV Visible Light Images |
---|---|---|---|
Severe | <5% | ≥95 m2 | |
High | 5–20% | 80–94 m2 | |
Moderate | 21–50% | 50–79 m2 | |
Slight | 51–70% | 30–49 m2 | |
Non-desertification | >70% | <30 m2 |
Vegetation Index | Full Name | Equation |
---|---|---|
GLI [54] | Green Leaf Index | (2 × G − R − B)/(2 × G + R + B) |
ExG [55] | Excess Green | 2g − r − b |
ExR [56] | Excess Red | 1.4r − g |
ExB [57] | Excess Blue | 1.4b − g |
NGBDI [56] | Normalized Green Red Difference Index | (G − B)/(G + B) |
NGRDI [56] | Normalized Green Red Difference Index | (G − R)/(G + R) |
ExGR [56] | Excess Green Minus Excess Red | E × G − E × R |
MGRVI [58] | Modified | (G2 − R2)/(G2 + R2) |
RGBVI [58] | Red Green Blue Vegetation Index | (G2 − B × R)/(G2 + B × R) |
GBRI [59] | Green Blue Ratio Index | b/g |
RGRI [60] | Red Green Ratio Index | r/g |
CIVE [61] | Color Index of Vegetation | 0.441r − 0.881g + 0.385b + 18.78745 |
VEG [62] | Vegetative | g/(rαb1−α) |
DEVI [63] | Difference Excess Vegetation Index | G/3G + R/3G + B/3G |
EGRBDI [43] | Excess Green Red Blue Difference Index | ((2G)2 − B × R)/((2G)2 + B × R) |
V-MSAVI [64] | Visible Band Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index | |
g [55] | Green Chromatic Coordinates | G |
COM [57] | Combined | 0.25E × G + 0.3E × GR + 0.33CIVE + 0.12VEG |
COM2 [65] | Combined 2 | 0.36E × G + 0.47CIVE + 0.17VEG |
Image Number | Center Coordinate | Altitude m | FVC % | Desertification Grade | OA % | k | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | ||||||
1 | 39°20′3871″ E | 109°04′4434″ N | 1269.7 | 4.3243 | Severe | 99.1168 | 0.9821 |
2 | 38°30′3617″ E | 108°04 ′0653″ N | 1351.9 | 1.5050 | Severe | 99.011 | 0.9783 |
3 | 39°20′3910″ E | 109°04′4392″ N | 1352.1 | 4.0864 | Severe | 99.6525 | 0.9922 |
4 | 38°50′5350″ E | 108°44′2955″ N | 1356.0 | 3.3052 | Severe | 99.9252 | 0.9966 |
5 | 38°50′5348″ E | 108°44′2929″ N | 1356.0 | 3.3717 | Severe | 98.7145 | 0.9642 |
6 | 38°30′3629″ E | 108°46′0643″ N | 1269.9 | 2.8890 | Severe | 99.7404 | 0.9939 |
7 | 39°15′3308″ E | 109°00′1219″ N | 1267.6 | 13.2679 | High | 98.9788 | 0.9671 |
8 | 39°15′3364″ E | 109°00′1315″ N | 1267.5 | 18.3795 | High | 99.5751 | 0.9725 |
9 | 38°09′4113″ E | 108°38′1296″ N | 1247.7 | 6.7185 | High | 99.5239 | 0.9879 |
10 | 38°25′4054″ E | 108°42′2405″ N | 1293.8 | 16.2495 | High | 99.7815 | 0.9956 |
11 | 38°25′4082″ E | 108°42′2359″ N | 1293.9 | 15.9524 | High | 99.54 | 0.9902 |
12 | 38°09′4144″ E | 108°38′1247″ N | 1247.5 | 9.4557 | High | 98.8213 | 0.9764 |
13 | 38°38′4889″ E | 108°56′4260″ N | 1270.6 | 32.6411 | Moderate | 99.8111 | 0.9676 |
14 | 39°07′1405″ E | 108°53′2209″ N | 1295.8 | 43.2160 | Moderate | 99.9583 | 0.99 |
15 | 39°07′1527″ E | 108°53′2101″ N | 1296.9 | 31.7365 | Moderate | 99.5985 | 0.9747 |
16 | 38°33′1085″ E | 108°43′5874″ N | 1314.8 | 45.6735 | Moderate | 99.833 | 0.982 |
17 | 38°33′1040″ E | 108°44′0091″ N | 1314.5 | 31.8236 | Moderate | 99.6005 | 0.9892 |
18 | 38°38′4745″ E | 108°56′4154″ N | 1270.3 | 26.3766 | Moderate | 99.5415 | 0.9894 |
19 | 38°52′5931″ E | 108°44′2805″ N | 1344.1 | 53.0043 | Slight | 99.5556 | 0.9855 |
20 | 38°52′5931″ E | 108°44′2816″ N | 1344.1 | 55.3886 | Slight | 99.6876 | 0.9937 |
21 | 38°57′1514″ E | 109°25′2166″ N | 1266.0 | 51.5241 | Slight | 99.931 | 0.9985 |
22 | 38°57′1522″ E | 109°25′2124″ N | 1266.1 | 51.5331 | Slight | 99.8963 | 0.9928 |
23 | 38°40′7309″ E | 108°37′4289″ N | 1287.4 | 54.7885 | Slight | 99.6876 | 0.9937 |
24 | 38°40′4888″ E | 108°37′4914″ N | 1287.3 | 51.5424 | Slight | 99.9765 | 0.9946 |
25 | 38°46′4981″ E | 108°31′0358″ N | 1284.9 | 86.2322 | Non-desertification | 99.874 | 0.9606 |
26 | 38°46′5164″ E | 108°31′3291″ N | 1284.8 | 96.5132 | Non-desertification | 99.8873 | 0.9619 |
27 | 38°56′4931″ E | 109°17′3098″ N | 1261.4 | 83.4444 | Non-desertification | 99.4857 | 0.9808 |
26 | 38°56′5034″ E | 109°17′2680″ N | 1261.3 | 89.2501 | Non-desertification | 99.9279 | 0.9674 |
29 | 38°11′5005″ E | 108°52′2792″ N | 1266.9 | 71.6581 | Non-desertification | 99.5638 | 0.9833 |
30 | 38°11′5022″ E | 108°52′2811″ N | 1266.8 | 76.3327 | Non-desertification | 99.8111 | 0.9676 |
TSS | df | MS | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA (%) | Between Groups | 14,840.249 | 18 | 824.458 | 5.562 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 14,083.024 | 95 | 148.242 | |||
Grand Total | 28,923.272 | 113 | ||||
k | Between Groups | 5.895 | 18 | 0.328 | 5.430 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 5.730 | 95 | 0.060 | |||
Grand Total | 11.625 | 113 | ||||
RE | Between Groups | 1459.716 | 18 | 81.095 | 4.710 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 1635.607 | 95 | 17.217 | |||
Grand Total | 3095.324 | 113 |
TSS | df | MS | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA (%) | Between Groups | 3454.562 | 18 | 191.920 | 3.550 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 5136.480 | 95 | 54.068 | |||
Grand Total | 8591.042 | 113 | ||||
k | Between Groups | 3.914 | 18 | 0.217 | 7.829 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 2.639 | 95 | 0.028 | |||
Grand Total | 6.553 | 113 | ||||
RE | Between Groups | 23.606 | 18 | 1.311 | 2.584 | 0.002 |
Within Groups | 48.222 | 95 | 0.508 | |||
Grand Total | 71.828 | 113 |
TSS | df | MS | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA (%) | Between Groups | 6957.370 | 18 | 386.521 | 8.413 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 4364.848 | 95 | 45.946 | |||
Grand Total | 11,322.218 | 113 | ||||
k | Between Groups | 4.774 | 18 | 0.265 | 16.451 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 1.531 | 95 | 0.016 | |||
Grand Total | 6.305 | 113 | ||||
RE | Between Groups | 2.998 | 18 | 0.167 | 4.671 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 3.387 | 95 | 0.036 | |||
Grand Total | 6.385 | 113 |
TSS | df | MS | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA (%) | Between Groups | 11,608.489 | 18 | 644.916 | 23.374 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 2621.216 | 95 | 27.592 | |||
Grand Total | 14,229.705 | 113 | ||||
k | Between Groups | 4.392 | 18 | 0.244 | 26.617 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 0.871 | 95 | 0.009 | |||
Grand Total | 5.262 | 113 | ||||
RE | Between Groups | 1.785 | 18 | 0.099 | 13.981 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 0.674 | 95 | 0.007 | |||
Grand Total | 2.459 | 113 |
TSS | df | MS | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA (%) | Between Groups | 18,799.030 | 18 | 1044.391 | 1.009 | 0.457 |
Within Groups | 98,285.865 | 95 | 1034.588 | |||
Grand Total | 117,084.895 | 113 | ||||
k | Between Groups | 5.465 | 18 | 0.304 | 1.750 | 0.044 |
Within Groups | 16.485 | 95 | 0.174 | |||
Grand Total | 21.950 | 113 | ||||
RE | Between Groups | 2.203 | 18 | 0.122 | 1.692 | 0.054 |
Within Groups | 6.871 | 95 | 0.072 | |||
Grand Total | 9.074 | 113 |
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Xu, X.; Liu, L.; Han, P.; Gong, X.; Zhang, Q. Accuracy of Vegetation Indices in Assessing Different Grades of Grassland Desertification from UAV. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416793
Xu X, Liu L, Han P, Gong X, Zhang Q. Accuracy of Vegetation Indices in Assessing Different Grades of Grassland Desertification from UAV. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416793
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xue, Luyao Liu, Peng Han, Xiaoqian Gong, and Qing Zhang. 2022. "Accuracy of Vegetation Indices in Assessing Different Grades of Grassland Desertification from UAV" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416793