Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Electronic Cigarette Selection and Experimental Design
2.2. Fluid Isolation and Metal Analysis Sample Preparation
2.3. Flavor Chemicals and Nicotine in Unused and Used E-Liquid
2.4. pH Measurements in Aged Unused E-Liquids
2.5. Acid Identification and Quantification in Aged Unused E-Liquid
3. Results
3.1. Frequency of Individual Elements Present in E-Liquids
3.2. Total Concentrations of Elements/Metals in Aged Unused and Used E-Liquids
3.3. Concentrations of Individual Elements/Metals in Aged Unused and Used E-Liquids
3.4. Comparison of Metal Concentrations in Unused and Used E-Liquids
3.5. Nicotine and Flavor Chemical Concentrations in Unused and Used E-Liquids
3.6. pH and Acid Concentrations in Aged Unused E-Liquids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Williams, M.; Villarreal, A.; Bozhilov, K.; Lin, S.; Talbot, P. Identification of metal and silica particles including nanoparticles in electronic cigarette cartomizers and aerosol. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e57987. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, M.; Bozhilov, K.; Ghai, S.; Talbot, P. Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Williams, M.; Talbot, P. Design features in multiple generations of electronic cigarette atomizers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Williams, M.; Bozhilov, K.N.; Talbot, P. Analysis of the elements and metals in multiple generations of electronic cigarette atomizers. Environ. Res. 2019, 175, 156–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Omaiye, E.; Williams, M.; Bozhilov, K.; Talbot, P. Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0248127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, M.; To, A.; Bozhilov, K.; Talbot, P. Strategies to reduce tin and other metals in electronic cigarette aerosol. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0138933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- US Food and Drug Administration. Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list. Fed Regist. 2012, 77, 20034–20037. [Google Scholar]
- Wilbur, S.; Abadin, H.; Fay, M.; Yu, D.; Tencza, B.; Klotzbach, J.; James, S. Draft Toxicological Profile for Chromium; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Abadin, H.; Ashizawa, A.; Stevens, Y.W.; Llados, F.; Diamond, G.; Sage, G.; Citra, M.; Quinones, A.; Bosch, S.J.; Swarts, S.G. Toxicological Profile for Lead; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, M.; Wilbur, S.; Abadin, H.; Ingerman, L.; Swarts, S.G. Toxicological Profile for Nickel; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, M.; Ventura, J.; Loza, A.; Wang, Y.; Talbot, P. Chemical elements in electronic cigarette solvents and aerosols inhibit mitochondrial reductases and induce oxidative stress. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2020, 22, S14–S24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olmedo, P.; Goessler, W.; Tanda, S.; Grau-Perez, M.; Jarmul, S.; Aherrera, A.; Chen, R.; Hilpert, M.; Cohen, J.E.; Navas-Acien, A.; et al. Metal concentrations in e-cigarette liquid and aerosol samples: The contribution of metallic coils. Environ. Health Perspect. 2018, 126, 027010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hess, C.A.; Olmedo, P.; Navas-Acien, A.; Goessler, W.; Cohen, J.E.; Rule, A.M. E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ. Res. 2017, 152, 221–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, J.; Nelson, J.; Dada, O.; Pyrgiotakis, G.; Kavouras, I.G.; Demokritou, P. Assessing electronic cigarette emissions: Linking physico-chemical properties to product brand, e-liquid flavoring additives, operational voltage and user puffing patterns. Inhal. Toxicol. 2018, 30, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Research. Human Health Services Summary Data for 2015 Priority List of Hazardous Substances; Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Beauval, N.; Howsam, M.; Antherieu, S.; Allorge, D.; Soyez, M.; Garçon, G.; Goossens, J.F.; Lo-Guidice, J.M.; Garat, A. Trace elements in e-liquids–development and validation of an ICPMS method for the analysis of electronic cigarette refills. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2016, 79, 144–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, D.; Aravindakshan, A.; Hilpert, M.; Olmedo, P.; Rule, A.M.; Navas-Acien, A.; Aherrera, A. Metal/Metalloid levels in electronic cigarette liquids, aerosols, and human biosamples: A systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2020, 128, 036001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Olmedo, P.; Rodrigo, L.; Grau-Perez, M.; Hilpert, M.; Navas-Acien, A.; Tellez-Plaza, M.; Pla, A.; Gil, F. Metal exposure and biomarker levels among e-cigarette users in Spain. Environ. Res. 2021, 202, 111667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pappas, R.S.; Gray, N.; Halstead, M.; Valentin-Blasini, L.; Watson, C. Toxic metal-containing particles in aerosols from pod-type electronic cigarettes. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2021, 45, 337–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, D.; Ilievski, V.; Slavkovich, V.; Olmedo, P.; Domingo-Relloso, A.; Rule, A.M.; Kleiman, N.J.; Navas-Acien, A.; Hilpert, M. Effects of e-liquid flavor, nicotine content, and puff duration on metal emissions from electronic cigarettes. Environ. Res. 2022, 204, 112270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, B.; Dang, M.; Kim, J.; Talbot, P. Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2015, 17, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Behar, R.Z.; Luo, W.; McWhirter, K.J.; Pankow, J.F.; Talbot, P. Analytical and toxicological evaluation of flavor chemicals in electronic cigarette refill fluids. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 8288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hua, M.; Omaiye, E.E.; Luo, W.; McWhirter, K.J.; Pankow, J.F.; Talbot, P. Identification of cytotoxic flavor chemicals in top-selling electronic cigarette refill fluids. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 2782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Omaiye, E.E.; McWhirter, K.J.; Luo, W.; Pankow, J.F.; Talbot, P. High-nicotine electronic cigarette products: Toxicity of JUUL fluids and aerosols correlates strongly with nicotine and some flavor chemical concentrations. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2019, 32, 1058–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Omaiye, E.E.; McWhirter, K.J.; Luo, W.; Tierney, P.A.; Pankow, J.F.; Talbot, P. High concentrations of flavor chemicals are present in electronic cigarette refill fluids. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 2468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tierney, P.A.; Karpinski, C.D.; Brown, J.E.; Luo, W.; Pankow, J.F. Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. Tob. Control 2015, 25, e10–e15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Behar, R.Z.; Luo, W.; Lin, S.C.; Wang, Y.; Valle, J.; Pankow, J.F.; Talbot, P. Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tob. Control 2016, 25, ii94–ii102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jabba, S.V.; Diaz, A.N.; Erythropel, H.C.; Zimmerman, J.B.; Jordt, S.E. Chemical adducts of reactive flavor aldehydes formed in e-igarette liquids are cytotoxic and inhibit mitochondrial function in respiratory epithelial cells. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2020, 22, S25–S34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerloff, J.; Sundar, I.K.; Freter, R.; Sekera, E.R.; Friedman, A.E.; Robinson, R.; Pagano, T.; Rahman, I. Inflammatory response and barrier dysfunction by different e-cigarette flavoring chemicals identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in e-liquids and e-vapors on human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Appl. Vitr. Toxicol. 2017, 3, 28–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clapp, P.W.; Pawlak, E.A.; Lackey, J.T.; Keating, J.E.; Reeber, S.L.; Glish, G.L.; Jaspers, I. Flavored e-cigarette liquids and cinnamaldehyde impair respiratory innate immune cell function. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2017, 313, L278–L292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sherwood, C.L.; Boitano, S. Airway epithelial cell exposure to distinct e-cigarette liquid flavorings reveals toxicity thresholds and activation of CFTR by the chocolate flavoring 2,5-dimethypyrazine. Respir. Res. 2016, 17, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Williams, M.; Li, J.; Talbot, P. Effects of model, method of collection, and topography on chemical elements and metals in the aerosol of tank-style electronic cigarettes. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 13969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pankow, J.F.; Kim, K.; McWhirter, K.J.; Luo, W.; Escobedo, J.O.; Strongin, R.M.; Duell, A.K.; Peyton, D.H. Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0173055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sekine, I.; Hayakawa, T.; Negishi, T.; Yuasa, M. Analysis for corrosion behavior of mild steels in various hydroxy acid solutions by new methods of surface analyses and electrochemical measurements. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137, 3029–3033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oleksa, C.N. Evaluating the Ability of Different Weak Acids When Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide to Develop Latent Fingerprints on Post-Fired Cartridge Cases; West Virginia University: Morgantown, WV, USA, 2012; p. 556. [Google Scholar]
- Matsubara, M.; Maruyma, T. Etching Composition and Etching Process. EP1862525A2. European Patent Office. 2007. Available online: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/d9/9f/e3/608890e6833429/EP1862525A2.pdf (accessed on 18 October 2022).
- Gu, Q.; Lee, L. Airway irritation and cough evoked by acid: From human to ion channel. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2011, 11, 238–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ricciardolo, F.; Rado, V.; Fabbri, L.; Sterk, P.; Di Maria, G.; Geppetti, P. Bronchoconstriction induced by citric acid inhalation in guinea pigs: Role of tachykinins, bradykinin, and nitric oxide. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 159, 557–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levulinic Acid Safety Data Sheet (SDS). Available online: https://www.parchem.com/siteimages/Attachment/GHS%20Levulinic%20Acid%20MSDS.pdf (accessed on 18 October 2022).
- Jităreanu, A.; Cara, I.G.; Sava, A.; Mârt, L.; Caba, I.C.; Agoroaei, L. The impact of the storage conditions and type of clearomizers on the increase of heavy metal levels in electronic cigarette liquids retailed in romania. Toxics 2022, 10, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goniewicz, M.L.; Hajek, P.; McRobbie, H. Nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, its release in vapour and its consistency across batches: Regulatory implications. Addiction 2014, 109, 500–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goniewicz, M.L.; Gupta, R.; Lee, Y.H.; Reinhardt, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, B.; Kosmider, L.; Sobczak, A. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: A comparative analysis of products from the U.S., Korea, and Poland. Int. J. Drug Policy 2015, 26, 583–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Etter, J.F.; Zather, E.; Svensson, S. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2013, 108, 1671–1679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lisko, J.G.; Tran, H.; Stanfill, S.B.; Blount, B.C.; Watson, C.H. Chemical composition and evaluation of nicotine, tobacco alkaloids, pH, and selected flavors in e-cigarette cartridges and refill solutions. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2015, 17, 1270–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Etter, J.F.; Bugey, A. E-cigarette liquids: Constancy of content across batches and accuracy of labeling. Addict. Behav. 2017, 73, 137–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stratton, K.; Kwan, L.Y.; Eaton, D.L.; Health, P.; Practice, P.H.; Division, M. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2018; ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. [Google Scholar]
- Omaiye, E.E.; Luo, W.; McWhirter, K.J.; Pankow, J.; Talbot, P. Flavour chemicals, synthetic coolants and pulegone in popular mint-flavoured and menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes. Tob. Control 2022, 31, e3–e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Burns, A.E.; Burke, G.J.P.; Poindexter, M.E.; Madl, A.K.; Pinkerton, K.E.; Nguyen, T.B. Application of high-resolution mass spectrometry and a theoretical model to the quantification of multifunctional carbonyls and organic acids in e-cigarette aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 5640–5650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Burns, A.E.; Tran, L.N.; Abellar, K.A.; Poindexter, M.; Li, X.; Madl, A.K.; Pinkerton, K.E.; Nguyen, T.B. Impact of e-liquid composition, coil temperature, and puff topography on the aerosol chemistry of electronic cigarettes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34, 1640–1654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaegers, N.R.; Hu, W.; Weber, T.J.; Hu, J.Z. Low-temperature (<200 °C) degradation of electronic nicotine delivery system liquids generates toxic aldehydes. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 7800. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Potera, C. Food additives: Still searching for better butter flavoring. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, A457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gamma-Octalactone Safety Data Sheet (SDS). Available online: https://www.flinnsci.com/sds_879.25-gamma-octalactone/sds_879.25/ (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Roney, N.; Smith, C.V.; Williams, M.; Osier, M.; Paikoff, S.J. Toxicological Profile for Zinc; Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Azevedo, A.; Lobo, I.; Selores, M. Allergic contact dermatitis and electronic cigarettes: Is nickel to blame? Contact Derm. 2019, 81, 135–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hendlin, Y.H. Alert: Public health implications of electronic cigarette waste. Am. J. Public Health 2018, 108, 1489–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tobacco and It’s Environmental Impact: An Overview. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255574/9789241512497-eng.pdf (accessed on 19 January 2021).
- Tobacco and the Environment. Available online: https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/harmful-effects-tobacco/tobacco-and-environment (accessed on 6 October 2021).
- Baran, W.; Madej-Knysak, D.; Sobczak, A.; Adamek, E. The influence of waste from electronic cigarettes, conventional cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products on microorganisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 385, 121591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parker, T.T.; Rayburn, J. A comparison of electronic and traditional cigarette butt leachate on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos. Toxicol. Rep. 2017, 4, 77–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Conradi, M.; Sánchez-Moyano, J.E. Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 847, 157634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beutel, M.W.; Harmon, T.C.; Novotny, T.E.; Mock, J.; Gilmore, M.E.; Hart, S.C.; Traina, S.; Duttagupta, S.; Brooks, A.; Jerde, C.L.; et al. A Review of environmental pollution from the use and disposal of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes: Contaminants, sources, and impacts. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moerman, J.W.; Potts, G.E. Analysis of metals leached from smoked cigarette litter. Tob. Control 2011, 20, i30–i35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krause, T. Hazardous waste status of discarded electronic cigarettes. Waste Manag. 2015, 39, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michael, M.; Meyyazhagan, A.; Velayudhannair, K.; Pappuswamy, M.; Maria, A.; Xavier, V.; Balasubramanian, B.; Baskaran, R.; Kamyab, H.; Vasseghian, Y.; et al. The content of heavy metals in cigarettes and the impact of their leachates on the aquatic ecosystem. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Environmental Policy Act; Environmental Assessments for Tobacco Products; Categorical Exclusions. Federal Register. Available online: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/09/24/2015-24219/national-environmental-policy-actenvironmental-assessments-for-tobaccoproducts-categorical (accessed on 14 September 2021).
- Public Law 104—4. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. An Act to Curb the Practice of Imposing Unfunded Federal Mandates on States and Local Governments; to Strengthen the Partnership between the Federal Government and State, Local and Tribal Governments; to End the Imposition, in the Absence of Full Consideration by Congress, of Federal Mandates on State, Local, and Tribal Governments without Adequate Funding, in a Manner that May Displace Other Essential Governmental Priorities; and to Ensure that the Federal Government Pays the Costs Incurred by Those Governments in Complying with Certain Requirements under Federal Statutes and Regulations, and for Other Purposes. Available online: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-104publ4/pdf/PLAW-104publ4.pdf (accessed on 14 September 2021).
Brand (Sample Type) | Copper | Zinc | Tin | Nickel | Lead | Total a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BluCig (Unused) | 28.13 ± 9.00 | 2.23 ± 1.43 | 6.12 ± 6.43 | 1.60 ± 1.59 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 44.86 ± 14.77 |
BluCig (Gently Used) | 11.90 ± 3.37 | 4.94 ± 0.45 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 22.89 ± 3.61 |
BluCig (Heavily Used) | 118.49 ± 20.20 | 30.55 ± 15.19 | 5.92 ± 4.99 | 15.05 ± 7.62 | 2.53 ± 1.52 | 191.26 ± 33.92 |
BluCig Disposable (Unused) | 44.92 ± 22.04 | 15.32 ± 5.85 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 68.16 ± 24.97 |
BluCig Disposable (Gently Used) | 44.94 ± 43.77 | 22.01 ± 24.39 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | N/D | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 73.28 ± 74.20 |
BluCig Disposable (Heavily Used) | 98.67 ± 30.50 | 49.01 ± 15.14 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 163.83 ± 49.83 |
Greensmoke (Unused) | 4.44 ± 0.24 | 1.46 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 2.31 ± 2.40 | N/D | 12.31 ± 3.67 |
Greensmoke (Gently Used) | 373.61 ± 49.19 | 295.79 ± 100.01 | 287.63 ± 129.41 | 41.99 ± 15.34 | 46.76 ± 22.18 | 1478.32 ± 468.04 |
Greensmoke (Heavily Used) | 424.16 ± 174.56 | 271.66 ± 58.50 | 175.51 ± 70.59 | 71.09 ± 45.18 | 28.24 ± 38.85 | 1292.95 ± 130.38 |
NJOY NPRO (Unused) | 1161.63 ± 509.25 | 275.19 ± 21.43 | 7.58 ± 5.14 | 63.87 ± 13.57 | 50.24 ± 37.35 | 2214.87 ± 852.53 |
NJOY NPRO (Gently Used) | 255.55 ± 156.01 | 123.74 ± 58.61 | 1.52 ± 1.34 | 9.33 ± 4.21 | 16.91 ± 13.03 | 542.73 ± 315.95 |
NJOY NPRO (Heavily Used) | 216.86 ± 187.43 | 93.35 ± 87.09 | 1.25 ± 1.36 | 13.40 ± 14.04 | 6.77 ± 7.78 | 441.06 ± 412.64 |
SafeCig (Unused) | 909.35 ± 195.84 | 224.51 ± 28.93 | 108.20 ± 74.52 | 32.52 ± 21.93 | 32.79 ± 9.72 | 1661.18 ± 382.00 |
SafeCig (Gently Used) | 333.10 ± 189.88 | 161.06 ± 69.44 | 74.52 ± 30.36 | 19.63 ± 7.87 | 6.31 ± 6.70 | 772.74 ± 390.48 |
MarkTen (Gently Used) | 368.91 ± 181.67 | 285.82 ± 137.63 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.44 | 916.17 ± 446.43 |
MarkTen (Heavily Used) | 281.16 ± 115.73 | 210.87 ± 8.9 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.35 | 671.35 ± 193.35 |
Vuse (Gently Used) | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.31 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 5.65 ± 0.52 |
Vuse (Heavily Used) | 0.59 ± 0.52 | 0.92 ± 0.30 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 6.91 ± 0.46 |
South Beach Smoke (Unused) | 2.39 ± 1.20 | 1.26 ± 0.28 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 10.07 ± 2.44 |
South Beach Smoke (Gently Used) | 3.24 ± 2.03 | 2.15 ± 1.23 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 14.23 ± 4.43 |
South Beach Smoke (Heavily Used) | 5.26 ± 5.29 | 4.74 ± 4.54 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.64 | 0.23 ± 0.31 | 35.80 ± 14.85 |
V2 Cig (Unused) | 0.26 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | N/D | 11.96 ± 4.77 |
V2 Cig (Gently Used) | 1.90 ± 1.40 | 1.00 ± 0.79 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 12.83 ± 2.84 |
V2 Cig (Heavily Used) | 0.73 ± 0.38 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | N/D | 32.66 ± 5.81 |
Vype (Unused) | 70.87 ± 1.76 | 33.30 ± 4.88 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 117.53 ± 5.79 |
Vype (Gently Used) | 88.55 ± 3.21 | 49.45 ± 0.41 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 151.47 ± 0.13 |
Brand/Sample Type | EC Type | Nicotine Conc on Package (mg) | Nicotine Conc Measured (mg/mL) | % Difference a |
---|---|---|---|---|
NJOY NPRO Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 0 | −100 |
NJOY NPRO Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 0.1 | −100 |
NJOY NPRO Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 0 | −100 |
NJOY NPRO Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 2.6 | −85 |
NJOY NPRO Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 4.5 | −75 |
NJOY NPRO Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 4.4 | −76 |
NJOY NPRO Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 2.3 | −87 |
NJOY NPRO Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 7.8 | −57 |
SafeCig Unused | Cartomizer | 24 | 0.5 | −98 |
SafeCig Unused | Cartomizer | 24 | 0.3 | −99 |
SafeCig Gently Used | Cartomizer | 24 | 5.7 | −76 |
SafeCig Gently Used | Cartomizer | 24 | 5 | −79 |
BluCig Unused | Disposable | 24 | 8.2 | −66 |
BluCig Unused | Disposable | 24 | 7.4 | −69 |
BluCig Unused | Disposable | 24 | 11.6 | −52 |
BluCig Gently Used | Disposable | 24 | 6.4 | −73 |
BluCig Gently Used | Disposable | 24 | 4.7 | −80 |
BluCig Gently Used | Disposable | 24 | 8 | −67 |
V2 Cigs Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 7.5 | −58 |
V2 Cigs Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 9 | −50 |
V2 Cigs Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 9.2 | −49 |
V2 Cigs Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 8.3 | −54 |
V2 Cigs Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 8.3 | −54 |
V2 Cigs Gently Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 8.2 | −55 |
South Beach Smoke Unused | Cartomizer | 16 | 7.1 | −56 |
South Beach Smoke Unused | Cartomizer | 16 | 6.6 | −59 |
South Beach Smoke Unused | Cartomizer | 16 | 6.5 | −60 |
South Beach Smoke Gently Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 7.1 | −56 |
South Beach Smoke Gently Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 7.1 | −55 |
South Beach Smoke Gently Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 6.8 | −57 |
South Beach Smoke Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 6.2 | −61 |
South Beach Smoke Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 5.3 | −67 |
South Beach Smoke Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 16 | 6.6 | −59 |
Greensmoke Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 10.4 | −42 |
Greensmoke Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 10.5 | −42 |
Greensmoke Unused | Cartomizer | 18 | 10.2 | −43 |
Greensmoke Heavily Used | Cartomizer | 18 | 0.1 | −99 |
NJOY Unused | Cartridge | 18 | 13 | −28 |
NJOY Unused | Cartridge | 18 | 11.4 | −36 |
NJOY Unused | Cartridge | 18 | 11.1 | −38 |
NJOY Gently Used | Cartridge | 18 | 8.8 | −51 |
NJOY Gently Used | Cartridge | 18 | 8.7 | −51 |
NJOY Gently Used | Cartridge | 18 | 8.8 | −51 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Williams, M.; Luo, W.; McWhirter, K.; Ikegbu, O.; Talbot, P. Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416931
Williams M, Luo W, McWhirter K, Ikegbu O, Talbot P. Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416931
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliams, Monique, Wentai Luo, Kevin McWhirter, Omeka Ikegbu, and Prue Talbot. 2022. "Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years and Effects of pH" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416931