Iron Deficiency and Deranged Myocardial Energetics in Heart Failure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physiology of Cardiac Energetics
3. Deranged Energy Metabolism in HF
3.1. Adverse Metabolic Myocardial Remodeling in HF
3.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Failing Heart
4. Iron and Energy Metabolism in the Heart
4.1. Beyond Circulating Biomarkers—Pools of Iron
4.2. ID in the Heart—Clinical and Experimental Evidence
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMPK | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
CAC | citric acid cycle |
CK | creatine kinase |
FAs | fatty acids |
FCM | ferric carboxymaltose |
HAMP gene | hepcidin antimicrobial peptide gene (encoding hepcidin) |
HF | heart failure |
ID | iron deficiency |
IRP | iron regulatory proteins |
LIP | labile iron pool |
PCr | phosphocreatine |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
sTfR | soluble transferrin receptor |
TSAT | transferrin saturation (index) |
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Tkaczyszyn, M.; Górniak, K.M.; Lis, W.H.; Ponikowski, P.; Jankowska, E.A. Iron Deficiency and Deranged Myocardial Energetics in Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 17000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417000
Tkaczyszyn M, Górniak KM, Lis WH, Ponikowski P, Jankowska EA. Iron Deficiency and Deranged Myocardial Energetics in Heart Failure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):17000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417000
Chicago/Turabian StyleTkaczyszyn, Michał, Krzysztof Michał Górniak, Weronika Hanna Lis, Piotr Ponikowski, and Ewa Anita Jankowska. 2022. "Iron Deficiency and Deranged Myocardial Energetics in Heart Failure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 17000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417000