Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PDMS as a Sampler Material
3. Emergence of Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment
4. Search Engine and Exclusion Criteria
5. Chemical Analysis of Silicone Wristbands
5.1. Pre-Deployment Cleanup
5.2. Post-Deployment Cleanup
5.3. Extraction
5.4. Post-Extraction Cleanup
5.5. Other Methods
6. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
7. Comparison of Wristbands with Other Matrices
7.1. Biological Matrices
7.1.1. Urine
7.1.2. Blood
7.2. Environmental Matrices
7.2.1. Hand Wipes
7.2.2. Active Air Sampling (AAS)
7.2.3. Settled Dust
7.2.4. Other
8. Future Prospects
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Publication Year | Sampling Year | Country * | Population | Population Age Range (<18 y.o) | n | Exposure Setting | Wearing Period [Days] | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | NA | USA | NA | NA | <30 | ambient | 30 | [20] † |
2014 | NA | USA | NA | NA | 8 | occupational | 0.3, 1.3–1.6 | [20] † |
2015 | 2013 | USA | adults | NA | 50 | ambient | 7 | [54] |
2016 | 2015 | USA | adults | NA | 40 | ambient | 5 | [51] |
2016 | 2012/2013 | USA | children | 3–5 | 92 | ambient | 7 | [52] |
2016 | 2014 | SEN | adults, children | NR | 35 | occupational | 5 | [55] |
2017 | 2014 | PER | adults, children | ≥6 | 68 | ambient | 30–34 | [19] |
2017 | NR | USA | adults | NA | 22 | ambient | 2 | [36] |
2017 | NR | USA | children | 7–9 | 10 | ambient | 7 | [27] |
2017 | 2012–2013 | USA | children | 3–5 | 77 | ambient | 7 | [56] |
2018 | nd | USA | adults | NA | 19 | ambient | 21 | [57] |
2018 | NR | USA | adults | NA | 22 | ambient | 2 | [48] |
2018 | 2016 | BEL | adults | NA | 30 | ambient | 5 | [24] |
2018 | 2016 | USA | adults | NA | 30 | ambient | 7 | [58] |
2019 | 2017–2018 | USA | adults | NA | 101 | ambient | 7 | [21] |
2019 | 2016/2017 | USA | adults | NA | 10 | occupational | 0.83–2.08 | [22] |
2019 | 2016 | BRA | adults | NA | 2 | ambient | 3 | [59] |
2019 | 2016 | USA | adults | NA | 10 | ambient | 7 | [60] † |
2019 | 2017 | USA | adults | NA | 22 | ambient | 7 | [60] † |
2019 | 2016 | USA | adolescents | 14–16 | 97 | ambient | 7 | [61] |
2019 | 2008–? | USA | child-mother pairs | 3–5 | 32 | ambient | 7 | [62] |
2019 | NR | USA | adults | NA | 10 | ambient | 7 | [63] |
2019 | 2017 | USA | children | 4–14 | 31 | ambient | 7,2 | [64] |
2019 | NA | CAN, NED | NA | NA | NA | exposure chamber | 1, 4, 10, 30, 50, 71, 91, 161 | [38] |
2019 | NA | USA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 7 | [65] |
2019 | NR | NR | NR | NA | 10 | NR | 7 | [66] |
2019 | 2016–2017 | CHL | NR | NA | 27 | ambient | 5 | [45] |
2019 | NR | NR | NR | NA | 16 | ambient | 18 | [67] |
2020 | 2018 | URY | children | 6–7.8 | 24 | ambient | 7 | [68] |
2020 | 2019 | JPN | adults | NA | 5 | ambient | 5 | [69] |
2020 | 2017 | USA | adults | NA | 72 | occupational | 1 | [18] |
2020 | 2019 | USA | adults | NA | 88 | ambient | 5 | [70] |
2020 | 2017–2018 | USA | adults | NA | 101 | ambient | 7 | [47] |
2020 | 2019 | DOM | adults | NA | 15 | occupational | 1 | [71] |
2020 | 2017–2018 | USA | adults | NA | 255 | ambient | 7 | [46] † |
2020 | 2017–2018 | USA | adults | NA | 20 | ambient | 7 | [46] † |
2020 | 2015/2016 | USA | children | 3–6 | 77 | ambient | 7 | [72] |
2020 | 2017–2018 | USA | children | 3–14 | 53 | ambient | 7, 2 | [50] |
2020 | 2018–2019 | FRA | adults | NA | 40 | ambient | 5 | [28] † |
2020 | 2018–2019 | ITA | adults | NA | 31 | ambient | 5 | [28] † |
2020 | 2018 | BGD | adolescents/adults | ≥14 | 15 | occupational | 1 | [73] |
2020 | 2018 | USA | adults | NA | 30 | ambient | 5 | [74] |
2020 | 2018 | USA | adults | NA | 17 | occupational | 1 | [75] |
2020 | 2017 | CAN | adults | NA | 45 | occupational | 0.3 | [49] |
2021 | 2014–2016 | USA | children | 3–6 | 27 | ambient | 7 | [76] |
2021 | 2018–2019 | USA | children | 10–17 | 163 | ambient | 7 | [77] |
2021 | 2018–2019 | CHN | Child-mother pairs | ≤7 | 47 | ambient | 14 | [78] |
Pre-Deployment | Post-Deployment | Extraction | Post-Extraction Sample Cleanup | Analyzed Substances | Instrumental Analysis | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publication Year | Mechanism | Protocol | Mechanism | Protocol | Mechanism | Protocol | Instrumentation | Protocol | NBRFs | OPEs | PAHs | BFRs | PCBs | PEs | Pesticides | PPCPs | Other | Ref. | |
2014 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex (2.5 h), 60 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH (2.5 h), 60 rpm | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc,100 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [20] |
2016 | Thermal conditioning | 280–300 °C (48 h) | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-ECD | [55] |
2016 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) | NR | NR | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × n-hex:acetone, (12 h) | Syringe filter (0.2 µm PTFE) SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) | Filtration Elution: | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [51] |
F1:n-hex (10 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc (10 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | Wash | 3 × EtAc:n-hex 2 × EtAc:MeOH | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Wash | 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (12 h) 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-ECD, GC-MS | [19] |
2017 | Conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, 180 min, 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, GC-µECD | [36] |
2017 | Soak | EtAc, n-hex, MeOH | Rinse | 2 × water 1 × IPA | NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [52] |
2018 | NR | NR | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | Dialysis | 2 × EtAc | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [57] |
2018 | Solvent exchange | 3 × EtAc:n-hex 2 × EtAc:MeOH | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc 100 mL, 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [48] |
2018 | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (30 min) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (30 min): | NR | NR | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 40 mL, (30 min) | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | LC-MS | [24] |
2018 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Wash | 1 × EtAc 100 mL, (12 h) 1 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-µECD | [27] |
2018 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:acetone, 10 mL | Custom SPE: Florisil (500 mg) and silica gel (12 g; F1 only) | Elution (Florisil): | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [58] |
F1:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
Elution (silica gel): F3:DCM:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
2019 | Rinse, conditioning | Water rinse, thermal conditioning | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | GC-MS | [67] |
2019 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (24 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (24 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × n-hex:acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, sulfuric acid- silica gel, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM (40 mL) | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [21] |
Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution: | ||||||||||||||||||
F1:DCM (40 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc (40 mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
2019 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [59] |
2019 | Thermal conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, (180 min), 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE (C18, silica) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-µECD, GC-MS | [61] |
2019 | Soak | EtAc, n-hex, MeOH | NR | NR | NR | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [62] |
2019 | Soxhlet extraction | Agitated wash | 1 × DI water | Sonication | 1 × Acetone:n-hex, 20 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, anhydrous sodium sulfate) | Elution: | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [63] | |
F1:DCM | |||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
Rinse | 1 × IPA | Custom SPE, (neutral alumina, neutral silica, acidic silica, anhydrous sodium sulfate) | elution: F3: DCM | ||||||||||||||||
2019 | NR | NR | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 100 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | - | - | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | GC-GC/ToF-MS | [45] |
2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc (3 days) | - | - | Agitated wash (Wrist Action Shaker) | 1 × ACN, 30 mL | Syringe filter (0.2 µm, Teflon) | Filtration | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [49] |
2020 | Agitated wash (platform shaker) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex, (2.5 h) 2 × EtAc:MeOH, (2.5 h), 60 rpm | NR | NR | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 25 mL, (2 h), 60 rpm | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: ACN | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | GC-MS | [68] |
2020 | NR | NR | Rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 25 mL, (24 h) | SPE cartridges (C18, 500 mg) | Elution: n-hex: DCM (4 mL) | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | GC-MS | [69] |
2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 1 × MeOH (10 min) 3 × n-hex:EtAc (1 h), 2 × MeOH:EtAc | Rinse | 1 × MeOH | agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × 30 mL EtAc, 30 mL, (1 h) | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [18] |
2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex: DCM, 10 mL, (15 min) | SPE (Florisil, 8 g) | Elution: | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS/MS | [70] |
F1:n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (24 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (24 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × n-hex:acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Custom SPE (neutral alumina, neutral silica, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [47] |
2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × MeOH, (10 min), 120 rpm 2 × (1 h): n-hex:EtAc, (1 h), 120 rpm 2 × MeOH:EtAc, 120 rpm | Rinse | 1 × MeOH | Agitated wash (overhead shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 30 mL | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [71] |
2020 | Conditioning (vacuum oven) | 300 °C, (12 h), 0.1 Torr | Rinse | 2 × DI water 1 × IPA | NR | 2 × EtAc, 50 mL | SPE cartridges (C18) | Eluted: ACN | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | GC-MS | [46] |
2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex, (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH, (12 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:DCM, 10 mL) | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [72] |
F1: n-hex | |||||||||||||||||||
F2: EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
F3: MeOH | |||||||||||||||||||
2020 | NR | NR | Rinse | DI water | Sonication | 2 × n-hex: acetone, 30 mL, (2 h) | Chromatography column (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, sulfuric acid-silica gel, sodium sulfate) | Elution: DCM | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [28] |
Chromatography column (neutral alumina, neutral silica gel, Florisil, sodium sulfate) | Elution:F1:DCM | ||||||||||||||||||
F2:EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
2020 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × pentane (3 days) | - | - | Agitated wash | ACN | SPE cartridge (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: EtAc | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | GC-MS | [73] |
2020 | Agitated wash (magnetic stir plate) | 3 × EtAc:n-hex, (30 min), 60 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH, (30 min), 60 rpm | NR | NR | Agitated wash (magnetic stir plate) | ACN:MeOH, 20 mL, (1 h), 60 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | HPLC | [65] |
2020 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × n-hex:DCM, 10 mL | SPE (Florisil, 8 g) | Elution: | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | GC-MS, GC-MS/MS | [74] |
F1: n-hex, | |||||||||||||||||||
F2: EtAc, | |||||||||||||||||||
F3: MeOH | |||||||||||||||||||
2020 | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 1 × MeOH (10 min), 120 rpm 2 × EtAc:n-hex (1 h), 120 rpm 2 × EtAc:MeOH (1 h), 120 rpm | NR | NR | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc, 30 mL, (1 h), 120 rpm | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | GC-MS | [75] |
2021 | Soxhlet extraction | 1 × EtAc:n-hex (12 h) 1 × EtAc:MeOH (12 h) | NR | NR | Sonication | 3 × DCM:n-hex | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 500 mg) | Elution: | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | LC-MS | [76] |
F1 | |||||||||||||||||||
F2: EtAc | |||||||||||||||||||
F3 | |||||||||||||||||||
2021 | Rinse, conditioning | DI water, 300 °C (180 min) | rinse | 1 × DI water 1 × IPA | Agitated wash (orbital shaker) | 2 × EtAc | SPE (C18, silica) | Elution: ACN | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | GC-ECD, GC-MS | [77] |
2021 | Sonication | 3 × DCM:n-hex, (20 min) | NR | NR | Sonication | 2 × DCM: n-hex, 15 mL, (20 min) | SPE cartridges (Florisil, 2 g) | Elution: 1 × n-hex 1 × EtAc | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | LC-MS | [78] |
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Wacławik, M.; Rodzaj, W.; Wielgomas, B. Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041935
Wacławik M, Rodzaj W, Wielgomas B. Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041935
Chicago/Turabian StyleWacławik, Małgorzata, Wojciech Rodzaj, and Bartosz Wielgomas. 2022. "Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041935