Thirty Minutes Identified as the Threshold for Development of Pain in Low Back and Feet Regions, and Predictors of Intensity of Pain during 1-h Laboratory-Based Standing in Office Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Standing-Time Effect on Pain Status: Any Reported Pain
3.2. Standing-Time Effect on Pain Status: Intensity of Pain
3.3. Association of Individual, Physical and Psychosocial Factors with Pain Ratings over Time
3.4. Regression Analysis-Predicting the Magnitude of Low-Back Pain throughout of 1-h Standing Task
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Low Back | ||||||||||
Pain | 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
No | 34 | 85.0 | 28 | 70.0 | 24 | 60.0 | 23 | 57.5 | 23 | 57.5 |
Yes | 6 | 15.0 | 12 | 30.0 | 16 | 40.0 | 17 | 42.5 | 17 | 42.5 |
Total | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 |
Hip-Thigh | ||||||||||
Pain | 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | n | % | n | % | ||
No | 39 | 97.5 | 39 | 97.5 | 35 | 87.5 | 34 | 85.0 | 34 | 85.0 |
Yes | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.5 | 5 | 12.5 | 6 | 15.0 | 6 | 15.0 |
Total | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 |
Knee-Calf | ||||||||||
Pain | 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | n | % | n | % | ||
No | 38 | 95.0 | 36 | 90.0 | 33 | 82.5 | 30 | 75.0 | 29 | 72.5 |
Yes | 2 | 5.0 | 4 | 10.0 | 7 | 17.5 | 10 | 25.0 | 11 | 27.5 |
Total | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 |
Ankle-feet | ||||||||||
Pain | 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
No | 40 | 100 | 36 | 90.0 | 30 | 75.0 | 26 | 65.0 | 26 | 65.0 |
Yes | - | - | 4 | 10.0 | 10 | 25.0 | 14 | 35.0 | 14 | 35.0 |
Total | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 | 40 | 100.0 |
Low Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS Scores (0–100 mm) | VAS Scores Increase from Baseline (0–100 mm) # | ||||
Mean ± SD | Median | Mean ± SD | Median | p * | |
Total (n = 40) | |||||
0 min | 1.63 ± 4.5 | 0 | - | - | |
15 min | 3.57 ± 8.7 | 0 | 1.94 ± 6.4 | 0 | 0.050 |
30 min | 7.54 ± 13.2 | 0 | 5.90 ± 11.8 | 0 | 0.004 |
45 min | 10.01 ± 17.6 | 0 | 8.38 ± 16.4 | 0 | 0.002 |
60 min | 11.64 ± 19.0 | 0 | 9.97 ± 17.5 | 0 | 0.001 |
PD (n = 14) | |||||
0 min | 2.9 ± 5.9 | 0.0 | - | - | - |
15 min | 8.7 ± 13.3 | 4.0 | 5.9 ± 8.1 | 3.0 | 0.050 |
30 min | 20.5 ± 15.5 | 19.0 | 17.6 ± 12.7 | 19.0 | 0.004 |
45 min | 27.0 ± 21.1 | 18.0 | 24.1 ± 19.0 | 18.0 | 0.002 |
60 min | 30.8 ± 20.5 | 23.5 | 27.9 ± 18.1 | 23.5 | 0.001 |
NPD (n = 26) | |||||
0 min | 1.0 ± 3.5 | 0.0 | - | - | - |
15 min | 0.8 ± 2.1 | 0.0 | −0.2 ± 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.999 |
30 min | 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.0 | −0.4 ± 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.684 |
45 min | 0.9 ± 2.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 ± 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.916 |
60 min | 0.9 ± 3.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 ± 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.715 |
Ankle-feet | |||||
Total (n = 40) | |||||
0 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0 | - | - | |
15 min | 1.5 ± 5.4 | 0 | 1.5 ± 5.4 | 0.0 | 0.068 |
30 min | 3.2 ± 6.3 | 0 | 3.2 ± 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.005 |
45 min | 5.0 ± 7.9 | 0 | 5.0 ± 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.001 |
60 min | 5.8 ± 70.4 | 0 | 5.8 ± 10.4 | 0.0 | 0.001 |
PD (n = 9) | |||||
0 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | - |
15 min | 6.8 ± 10.1 | 0.0 | 6.8 ± 10.1 | 0.0 | 0.068 |
30 min | 11.6 ± 7.2 | 12.0 | 11.6 ± 7.2 | 12.0 | 0.012 |
45 min | 15.7 ± 4.6 | 17.0 | 15.7 ± 4.6 | 17.0 | 0.008 |
60 min | 22.6 ± 9.7 | 21.0 | 22.6 ± 9.7 | 21.0 | 0.008 |
NPD (n = 31) | |||||
0 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | - |
15 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.999 |
30 min | 0.8 ± 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.8 ± 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.180 |
45 min | 1.8 ± 5.5 | 0.0 | 1.8 ± 5.5 | 0.0 | 0.027 |
60 min | 0.9 ± 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.9 ± 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.026 |
Low Back | Ankle-Feet | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total n = 40 | Total n = 40 | |||
Rho | p | Rho | p | |
Age (years) | 0.162 | 0.318 | −0.008 | 0.961 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.098 | 0.546 | 0.379 * | 0.016 |
IPAQ, during de last 7 days, how much time did you usually spend sitting on a weekend day (minutes) | −0.002 | 0.988 | 0.284 | 0.076 |
IPAQ, during de last 7 days, how much time did you usually spend sitting on a weekday (minutes) | 0.142 | 0.381 | 0.025 | 0.878 |
IPAQ, MET min/week | 0.005 | 0.975 | 0.067 | 0.690 |
LBP severity, last 7 days (0–100) | 0.538 * | 0.000 | −0.046 | 0.777 |
OSPAQ, minutes sitting at work per week | −0.268 | 0.094 | 0.283 | 0.077 |
OSPAQ, minutes standing at work per week | 0.028 | 0.862 | −0.009 | 0.956 |
OSPAQ, minutes walking at work per week | −0.083 | 0.612 | −0.208 | 0.198 |
JCQ, Job Control | −0.085 | 0.601 | −0.068 | 0.679 |
JCQ, Psychological Job Demands | −0.140 | 0.390 | −0.220 | 0.172 |
JCQ, Social Support | 0.009 | 0.957 | 0.104 | 0.523 |
JCQ, Physical Demands | 0.158 | 0.329 | 0.010 | 0.953 |
PCS, Rumination | 0.222 | 0.168 | −0.121 | 0.455 |
PCS, Magnification | 0.141 | 0.386 | −0.224 | 0.164 |
PCS, Helplessness | 0.263 | 0.101 | 0.041 | 0.801 |
PCS-total | 0.249 | 0.122 | −0.121 | 0.458 |
SF-12, Mental Component Summary | 0.278 | 0.083 | −0.387 * | 0.014 |
SF-12, Physical Component Summary | −0.345 * | 0.029 | 0.168 | 0.299 |
ASLR, total examiner-score (0–10) | 0.210 | 0.193 | 0.051 | 0.755 |
ASLR, total participant-score (0–10) | 0.346 * | 0.029 | −0.058 | 0.724 |
AHAbd, right side, examiner-score (0–3) | 0.038 | 0.816 | 0.025 | 0.881 |
AHAbd, left side, examiner-score (0–3) | 0.129 | 0.426 | 0.033 | 0.839 |
AHAbd, right side, participant-score (0–5) | 0.226 | 0.162 | 0.115 | 0.479 |
AHAbd, left side, participant-score (0–5) | 0.325 * | 0.041 | 0.008 | 0.960 |
Abdominal (s) | −0.269 | 0.094 | −0.156 | 0.337 |
Side Bridge right side (s) | −0.254 | 0.114 | −0.097 | 0.550 |
Side Bridge left side (s) | −0.246 | 0.126 | −0.069 | 0.671 |
Supine Bridge (s) | −0.298 | 0.062 | −0.327 * | 0.040 |
Isometric hip abduction (right leg) (s) | −0.472 * | 0.002 | −0.003 | 0.985 |
Isometric hip abduction (left leg) (s) | −0.484 * | 0.002 | 0.045 | 0.782 |
Sorensen (s) | −0.290 | 0.070 | −0.315 * | 0.048 |
Lineal Regression Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | B | SE | p | 95% CI | |
Lower | Upper | ||||
Intercept | 74.661 | 15.375 | 0.000 | 43.507 | 105.814 |
Isometric Hip Abduction endurance test | −0.233 | 0.081 | 0.007 | −0.397 | −0.069 |
Physical Component Summary (SF-12) | −0.864 | 0.309 | 0.008 | −1.489 | −0.239 |
Mixed Regression Analysis | |||||
B | SE | p | |||
Fixed effects | |||||
Intercept | −8.07 | 6.31 | 0.203 | ||
Time | 0.79 | 0.42 | 0.068 | ||
Age | 0.076 | 0.076 | 0.322 | ||
Time×Age | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.078 | ||
Isometric Hip Abduction endurance test | −0.002 | 0.025 | 0.939 | ||
Time*Isometric Hip Abduction endurance test | −0.004 | 0.002 | 0.022 | ||
Physical Component Summary (SF-12) | 0.132 | 0.098 | 0.177 | ||
Time*Physical Component Summary (SF-12) | −0.012 | 0.006 | 0.062 | ||
Estimate | SE | ||||
Random effects | |||||
Linear slope (time) | 0.073 | 0.270 | |||
Residual | 32.30 | 5.68 |
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Rodríguez-Romero, B.; Smith, M.D.; Pértega-Díaz, S.; Quintela-del-Rio, A.; Johnston, V. Thirty Minutes Identified as the Threshold for Development of Pain in Low Back and Feet Regions, and Predictors of Intensity of Pain during 1-h Laboratory-Based Standing in Office Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042221
Rodríguez-Romero B, Smith MD, Pértega-Díaz S, Quintela-del-Rio A, Johnston V. Thirty Minutes Identified as the Threshold for Development of Pain in Low Back and Feet Regions, and Predictors of Intensity of Pain during 1-h Laboratory-Based Standing in Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042221
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Romero, Beatriz, Michelle D. Smith, Sonia Pértega-Díaz, Alejandro Quintela-del-Rio, and Venerina Johnston. 2022. "Thirty Minutes Identified as the Threshold for Development of Pain in Low Back and Feet Regions, and Predictors of Intensity of Pain during 1-h Laboratory-Based Standing in Office Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042221